【问题标题】:Finding all maze solutions with Python使用 Python 查找所有迷宫解决方案
【发布时间】:2021-04-06 07:18:08
【问题描述】:

我正在尝试(使用 Python)找到迷宫的所有可能解决方案。我有一个返回一个解决方案的 DFS 脚本。我正在努力适应它,但我真的很难把整个递归的事情都包起来。

这是我拥有的代码,可用于使用 DFS 找到一种可能的解决方案: 任何提示或帮助将不胜感激! (数组中的“lett”可以忽略/视为常规“路径”)

def DFS(x,y,Map):
    if (Map[x][y]=="exit"):                             #check if we're at the exit
        return [(x,y)]                                  #if so then we solved it so return this spot
    if ((Map[x][y]!="path") and (Map[x][y]!="lett")):   #if it's not a path, we can't try this spot
        return []
    Map[x][y]="explored"                                #make this spot explored so we don't try again
    for i in [[x-1,y],[x+1,y],[x,y-1],[x,y+1]]:         #new spots to try
        result = DFS(i[0],i[1],Map)                     #recursively call itself
        if len(result)>0:                               #if the result had at least one element, it found a correct path, otherwise it failed
            result.append((x,y))                        #if it found a correct path then return the path plus this spot
            return result
    return []                                           #return the empty list since we couldn't find any paths from here

def GetMap():
    return [
        ["wall","wall","wall","wall","wall","wall","wall","wall"],
        ["wall","path","path","path","path","path","path","wall"],
        ["wall","wall","wall","path","wall","lett","path","wall"],
        ["wall","path","path","path","wall","wall","path","wall"],
        ["wall","path","wall","lett","path","path","path","wall"],
        ["wall","path","wall","wall","wall","wall","path","wall"],
        ["wall","path","lett","path","path","path","exit","wall"],
        ["wall","wall","wall","wall","wall","wall","wall","wall"]
    ]

def DrawMap(Map,path):
    for x in range(0,len(Map)):
        for y in range(0,len(Map[x])):
            if ((x,y) in path):
                assert Map[x][y] in ("path","lett","exit")
                print("-",end="")
            elif (Map[x][y]=="wall"):
                print("#",end="")
            elif (Map[x][y]=="exit"):
                print("e",end="")
            elif (Map[x][y]=="lett"):
                print("L",end="")
            else:
                print(' ',end="")
        print()

print("\nUnsolved:\n")
DrawMap(GetMap(),[])
print("\n")

print("Solved with DFS:")
print("path is ",len(DFS(1,1,GetMap()))," spots long\n")
DrawMap(GetMap(),DFS(1,1,GetMap()))
print("\n")

【问题讨论】:

  • 我看到脚本有效,所以我不确定你的问题是什么。
  • 我想要一个包含所有可能解决方案的列表
  • 重写 DFS 以便它返回从 (x, y) 开始的所有路径的列表,这些路径进入出口。然后,您的递归调用变成“一个双重嵌套的 for 循环,您在其中循环遍历下一个点和它们返回的解决方案。”警告。您需要在返回之前撤消 Map[x,y]="explored",并在返回之前将其恢复为之前的值。

标签: python recursion depth-first-search maze


【解决方案1】:

一厢情愿

像这样的问题一开始可能会让人感到不知所措,但我最喜欢的编程技术让复杂性化为乌有。使用一厢情愿,我们按照自己的意愿编写程序,然后实现我们的愿望-

# simple.py

from maze import maze
from cursor import cursor

def dfs(cursor, maze):
  q = maze.get(cursor.y(), cursor.x())
  if not q or q.is_wall() or q.is_step():
    return
  elif q.is_exit():
    yield maze
  else:
    next_maze = maze.step(cursor.y(), cursor.x())
    yield from dfs(cursor.up(), next_maze)
    yield from dfs(cursor.down(), next_maze)
    yield from dfs(cursor.right(), next_maze)
    yield from dfs(cursor.left(), next_maze)

def solve(cursor, maze):
  for x in dfs(cursor, maze):
    return x

我们只需要一个迷宫m和一个光标c-

# simple.py (continued)

# read maze from file
m = maze.from_file("./input")

# initialize cursor
c = cursor.from_ints(1, 1)

我们可以使用solve找到第一个解决方案-

# simple.py (continued)

print(solve(c, m))
########
#---   #
###-#L #
#  -## #
# #----#
# ####-#
# L   e#
########

或者我们可以使用dfs找到所有解决方案-

# simple.py (continued)

for x in dfs(c, m):
  print(x, end="\n\n")

(下面的输出重新格式化以节省空间)

########   ########   ########   ########   ########   ########
#---   #   #---   #   #----- #   #----- #   #------#   #------#
###-#L #   ###-#L #   ### #--#   ### #--#   ### #L-#   ### #L-#
#  -## #   #---## #   #   ##-#   #---##-#   #   ##-#   #---##-#
# #----#   #-#L   #   # #L  -#   #-#----#   # #L  -#   #-#----#
# ####-#   #-#### #   # ####-#   #-#### #   # ####-#   #-#### #
# L   e#   #-----e#   # L   e#   #-----e#   # L   e#   #-----e#
########   ########   ########   ########   ########   ########

光标

要使上述程序正常运行,我们需要实现我们所有的愿望。我们将从cursor 模块开始。光标只是一对整数,它为我们提供了方便的updownleftright 运动-

# cursor.py

def from_ints(y, x):
  return (y, x)

def up(t):
  (y, x) = t
  return from_ints(y - 1, x)

def down(t):
  (y, x) = t
  return from_ints(y + 1, x)

def left(t):
  (y, x) = t
  return from_ints(y, x - 1)

def right(t):
  (y, x) = t
  return from_ints(y, x + 1)

def to_str(t):
  (y, x) = t
  return f"({y}, {x})"

如您所见,我们使用的是普通函数。 Python 也有很好的面向对象的特性,我们希望将这些便利扩展到我们模块的用户。我们通过包装普通函数轻松添加 OOP 接口 -

# cursor.py (continued)

class cursor:
  def from_ints(y, x): return cursor(from_ints(y, x))
  def __init__(self, t): self.t = t
  def __iter__(self): yield from self.t
  def __str__(self): return to_str(self.t)
  def up(self): return cursor(up(self.t))
  def down(self): return cursor(down(self.t))
  def right(self): return cursor(right(self.t))
  def left(self): return cursor(left(self.t))

迷宫

现在我们进入maze 模块。我们将从编写普通函数开始,将from_file 转换为迷宫,并从迷宫to_str -

# maze.py

from cell import cell

def from_file(filename):
  with open(filename) as f:
    return from_str(f.read())

def from_str(s):
  return [ list(map(cell.from_str, row)) for row in s.split("\n") ]

def to_str(t):
  return "\n".join("".join(map(str, row)) for row in t)

作为奖励,请注意我们如何免费获得from_str。接下来,我们使用yx 坐标将函数写入getset 单元格。这里我们还写了step,一个简单的封装set,用来标记迷宫中的一个单元格已经被探索过-

# maze.py (continued)

from arr_ext import update

def get(t, y, x):
  try:
    if x < 0 or y < 0:
      return None
    else:
      return t[y][x]
  except IndexError:
    return None

def set(t, y, x, v):
  return update \
    ( t
    , y
    , lambda row: update(row, x, lambda _: v)
    )

def step(t, y, x):
  return set(t, y, x, cell.step())

不要害怕尽可能多地许愿。我们将在需要时实现update。就像我们在上一个模块中所做的那样,我们添加了面向对象的接口 -

# maze.py (continued)

class maze:
  def from_file(filename): return maze(from_file(filename))
  def from_str(s): return maze(from_str(s))
  def __init__(self, t): self.t = t
  def __iter__(self): yield from self.t
  def __str__(self): return to_str(self.t)
  def get(self, y, x): return get(self.t, y, x)
  def set(self, y, x, v): return maze(set(self.t, y, x, v))
  def step(self, y, x): return maze(step(self.t, y, x))

单元格

当我们编写 Maze 模块时,我们希望有一个 cell 模块。一厢情愿的技巧现在应该成为焦点:许愿,实现它。我们的 Cell 模块代表迷宫中的一个单元。我们从一种将from_str 转换为单元格的方法开始,然后将to_str 转换为单元格-

# cell.py

wall = 0
path = 1
exit = 2
lett = 3
step = 4

str_to_cell = \
  { "#": wall, " ": path, "e": exit, "L": lett, "-": step }

cell_to_str = \
  { v: k for (k, v) in str_to_cell.items() }

def from_str(s):
  if s in str_to_cell:
    return str_to_cell[s]
  else:
    raise RuntimeError(f"invalid cell character: {s}")

def to_str(t):
  if t in cell_to_str:
    return cell_to_str[t]
  else:
    raise RuntimeError(f"invalid cell component: {t}")

此外,我们编写is_* 谓词来确定单元格是否是wallpath 等。这突出了抽象的优势:我们可以更改数据在一个模块中的表示方式,而无需修改我们程序中的其他模块 -

# cell.py (continued)

def is_wall(t): return t == wall
def is_path(t): return t == path
def is_exit(t): return t == exit
def is_lett(t): return t == lett
def is_step(t): return t == step

添加面向对象的接口。同样,它是对我们普通函数的简单包装 -

# cell.py (continued)

class cell:
  def from_str(s): return cell(from_str(s))
  def wall(): return cell(wall)
  def path(): return cell(path)
  def exit(): return cell(exit)
  def lett(): return cell(lett)
  def step(): return cell(step)
  def __init__(self, t): self.t = t
  def __str__(self): return to_str(self.t)
  def is_wall(self): return is_wall(self.t)
  def is_path(self): return is_path(self.t)
  def is_exit(self): return is_exit(self.t)
  def is_lett(self): return is_lett(self.t)
  def is_step(self): return is_step(self.t)

arr_ext

只剩下一个愿望实现了!我们在数组扩展模块arr_ext 中编写通用update 函数-

# arr_ext.py

def update(t, pos, f):
  try:
    return [ *t[:pos], f(t[pos]), *t[pos + 1:]]
  except IndexError:
    return t

高级

我们的simple 程序以简化的方式解决了这个问题。如果我们想解决迷宫并且知道每个解决方案的路径怎么办?让我们在下面写一个advanced 程序 -

# advanced.py

from maze import maze
from cursor import cursor

def dfs(cursor, maze, path=[]):
  q = maze.get(*cursor)
  if not q or q.is_wall() or q.is_step():
    return
  elif q.is_exit():
    yield (maze, path)
  else:
    next_maze = maze.step(*cursor)
    next_path = [*path, cursor]
    yield from dfs(cursor.up(), next_maze, next_path)
    yield from dfs(cursor.down(), next_maze, next_path)
    yield from dfs(cursor.right(), next_maze, next_path)
    yield from dfs(cursor.left(), next_maze, next_path)

def solve(cursor, maze):
  for x in dfs(cursor, maze):
    return x

请注意,高级解决方案只是简单模块的小调整。让我们看看第一个解开的迷宫是什么样子的 -

# advanced.py (continued)

print(solution(solve(c, m)))
########
#---   #
###-#L #
#  -## #
# #----#
# ####-#
# L   e#
########
(1, 1)->(1, 2)->(1, 3)->(2, 3)->(3, 3)->(4, 3)->(4, 4)->(4, 5)->(4, 6)->(5, 6)

现在让我们看看所有已解决的迷宫和路径 -

# advanced.py (continued)

for x in dfs(c, m):
  print(solution(x), end="\n\n")
########
#---   #
###-#L #
#  -## #
# #----#
# ####-#
# L   e#
########
(1, 1)->(1, 2)->(1, 3)->(2, 3)->(3, 3)->(4, 3)->(4, 4)->(4, 5)->(4, 6)->(5, 6)

########
#---   #
###-#L #
#---## #
#-#L   #
#-#### #
#-----e#
########
(1, 1)->(1, 2)->(1, 3)->(2, 3)->(3, 3)->(3, 2)->(3, 1)->(4, 1)->(5, 1)->(6, 1)->(6, 2)->(6, 3)->(6, 4)->(6, 5)

########
#----- #
### #--#
#   ##-#
# #L  -#
# ####-#
# L   e#
########
(1, 1)->(1, 2)->(1, 3)->(1, 4)->(1, 5)->(2, 5)->(2, 6)->(3, 6)->(4, 6)->(5, 6)

########
#----- #
### #--#
#---##-#
#-#----#
#-#### #
#-----e#
########
(1, 1)->(1, 2)->(1, 3)->(1, 4)->(1, 5)->(2, 5)->(2, 6)->(3, 6)->(4, 6)->(4, 5)->(4, 4)->(4, 3)->(3, 3)->(3, 2)->(3, 1)->(4, 1)->(5, 1)->(6, 1)->(6, 2)->(6, 3)->(6, 4)->(6, 5)

########
#------#
### #L-#
#   ##-#
# #L  -#
# ####-#
# L   e#
########
(1, 1)->(1, 2)->(1, 3)->(1, 4)->(1, 5)->(1, 6)->(2, 6)->(3, 6)->(4, 6)->(5, 6)

########
#------#
### #L-#
#---##-#
#-#----#
#-#### #
#-----e#
########
(1, 1)->(1, 2)->(1, 3)->(1, 4)->(1, 5)->(1, 6)->(2, 6)->(3, 6)->(4, 6)->(4, 5)->(4, 4)->(4, 3)->(3, 3)->(3, 2)->(3, 1)->(4, 1)->(5, 1)->(6, 1)->(6, 2)->(6, 3)->(6, 4)->(6, 5)

别忘了实现你的愿望!我们可以看到一个新模块 solution 的出现,但这次我们只是将它留在同一个文件中 -

# advanced.py (continued)

def to_str(t):
  (maze, path) = t
  return str(maze) + "\n" + "->".join(map(str, path))

class solution:
  def __init__(self, t): self.t = t
  def __str__(self): return to_str(self.t)

【讨论】:

  • 哥们,你太棒了,这个社区太棒了!
【解决方案2】:

给你:

更新的 DFS:

def DFS(x,y,Map):                                    
    if (Map[x][y]=="exit"):                          
        return [[(x,y)]]                             
    if ((Map[x][y]!="path") and (Map[x][y]!="lett")):
        return []                                    
    stat = Map[x][y]                                 
    Map[x][y]="explored"                             
    my_results = []                                     
    for i in [[x-1,y],[x+1,y],[x,y-1],[x,y+1]]:      
        results = DFS(i[0],i[1],Map)                   
        for res in results:                            
            if len(res)>0:                           
                res.append((x,y))                    
                my_results.append(res)                  
    Map[x][y] = stat                                 
    return my_results                                   

更新的输出:

print("\nUnsolved:\n")                           
DrawMap(GetMap(),[])                             
print("\n")                                      
                                                 
print("Solved with DFS:")                        
results = DFS(1,1,GetMap())                      
for result in results:                           
    print("path is ",len(result)," spots long\n")
    DrawMap(GetMap(),result)                     
    print("\n")                                  

【讨论】:

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