被观测者决定观测者
Around a month from now, North Americans will be treated to a spectacular solar eclipse. But you can’t just run outside on your lunch break and take a peek without proper precautions. Let us help you prepare now to enjoy the solar eclipse safely.
从现在开始大约一个月，北美人将遭受一次壮观的Eclipse。 但是，如果没有适当的预防措施，您不能只在午餐时间到外面跑步并偷看一下。 让我们帮助您现在准备安全地享受Eclipse。
什么Eclipse？ (What Solar Eclipse?)
In case you haven’t heard, on August 21, 2017, all of North America will be treated to solar eclipse with the “path of totality”, where the sun is totally covered by the moon, stretching from Oregon all the way across the continent down to South Carolina. While solar eclipses happen all over the world with a relatively high degree of frequency, this particular solar eclipse is exciting for North American viewers for two reasons. First, it has been nearly a century since a total solar eclipse was visible across the contiguous United States (the last time it occurred was June 8, 1918). Second, an eclipse even remotely approaching this scope won’t be visible again in North America until 2045—for many people, the event truly is a once in lifetime occurrence.
如果您还没有听说过，2017年8月21日，整个北美地区将因“整体路径”而遭受日蚀，那里的太阳完全被月亮覆盖，从俄勒冈州一直延伸到整个月球。大陆到南卡罗来纳州。 尽管Eclipse在全球范围内发生的频率相对较高，但由于两个原因，这种特殊的Eclipse使北美观众感到兴奋。 首先，距整个连续的美国可见整个Eclipse已经过去了近一个世纪(上一次发生是1918年6月8日)。 其次，直到2045年，即使是遥不可及的Eclipse在北美也不会再次出现-对于许多人来说，该事件确实是一生中唯一的一次。
Even if you aren’t in the path of totality, you’ll still see a partial eclipse well into southern Canada and northern Mexico. The eclipse will occur as early as 10:18 AM for people observing it on the Pacific coast of Oregon, to as late in the day as late as 2:48 PM for those observing the eclipse on the Atlantic coast of South Carolina. If you want to know exactly when you need to be outside to witness the show, you can use this handy interactive map courtesy of NASA.
即使您未走整体道路，您仍然会看到部分月食进入加拿大南部和墨西哥北部。 对于在俄勒冈州太平洋海岸进行观测的人们来说，这种蚀最早将在上午10:18发生，对于在南卡罗来纳州大西洋沿海进行观测的人们，则将发生在一天的深夜，直到下午2:48。 如果您想确切地知道何时需要在外面观看演出，可以使用这张由NASA提供的便捷的交互式地图。
Let’s say, for example, you want to check what time you should go outside to observe the eclipse if you’re in Memphis, TN. Simply click on Memphis on the map, as seen in the screenshot below, and you’ll be treated to a readout of eclipse data for that exact point on the map with information about the start, the peak moment of the eclipse, the end, and the degree of obscuration (the closer you are to the path of totality, the higher the coverage).
举例来说，假设您想去田纳西州的孟菲斯市，应该到什么时候去观察Eclipse。 只需点击地图上的孟菲斯，如下面的屏幕快照所示，您将被视为针对地图上该确切点的Eclipse数据读数，其中包含有关开始，Eclipse高峰时刻，结束时间，以及遮挡的程度(您越靠近整体路径，覆盖范围就越高)。
Do note that the times provided are in Universal Time (UT) using 24 hour notation. You need to subtract an offset from the UT to align it with your local time and adjust to 12 hour time—if you’re in EDT subtract 4 hours, in CDT subtract 5 hours, in MDT subtract 6 hours, or in PDT subtract 7 hours from the readout (when in doubt, use an online calculator to confirm the time difference). With that in mind, we can adjust the time for our Memphis location (which observes CST) to see that the eclipse will start at 11:52 AM, the peak coverage will occur at 1:22 PM, and the eclipse will end at 2:50 PM.
请注意，所提供的时间是使用24小时表示法的世界时(UT)。 您需要从UT减去偏移量以使其与本地时间对齐并调整为12小时时间-如果您在EDT中减去4小时，在CDT中减去5小时，在MDT中减去6小时，或者在PDT中减去7读数的小时数(如有疑问，请使用在线计算器确认时差)。 考虑到这一点，我们可以调整孟菲斯位置(观察CST)的时间，以确保Eclipse将从11:52 AM开始，峰值覆盖将在1:22 PM发生，而食宿将在2点结束。 ：下午50点
如何安全观察Eclipse(How to Safely Observe the Eclipse)
Now that we know when the eclipse is occurring, we need to focus on how to observe it safely. Let’s get right to the point first: if you observe a solar eclipse without abiding by the safety precautions we’re about to outline, you can cause permanent and irreversible damage to your eyes, including potential blindness. Further, this damage can occur in seconds. There are only a few ways to safely observe a solar eclipse and failure to use proper precautions is a recipe for disaster.
现在我们知道，当月食发生时，我们需要把重点放在如何安全地观察它。 让我们先说清楚：如果您不遵守我们即将概述的安全预防措施而观测Eclipse，则可能对眼睛造成永久性和不可逆转的伤害，包括潜在的失明。 此外，这种损坏可能在几秒钟内发生。 只有几种方法可以安全地观测Eclipse，如果不采取适当的预防措施，将会导致灾难。
The reason solar eclipses can be so damaging to the human eye is twofold. First, despite the obfuscation of the sun, a large amount of ultraviolet light is still reaching your eye (and, because of the decreased brightness, your pupils are more dilated). Second, our desire to see something unique and interesting overrides the aversion we normally have to looking too long towards the bright sun and increases our exposure.
Eclipse对人眼造成如此严重损害的原因是双重的。 首先，尽管有阳光的遮挡，但是仍有大量紫外线照射到您的眼睛中(并且由于亮度降低，您的瞳Kong更加散大了)。 其次，我们渴望看到独特而有趣的事物的欲望超越了我们通常对明亮的太阳看得太久而增加我们的曝光量所产生的厌恶感。
With that in mind, in order to protect our eyes and still satisfy our curiosity, there are only two ways you can safely observe a solar eclipse: either directly with specialty eyewear, or indirectly by looking at eclipse with a pinhole viewer.
考虑到这一点，为了保护我们的眼睛并仍然满足我们的好奇心，只有两种方法可以安全地观测Eclipse：直接使用专业眼镜或通过针Kong观察器间接观察Eclipse。
太阳镜不能正确保护眼睛 (Sunglasses Are Not Proper Eye Protection)
There are only two forms of eye protection you can use to safely view the eclipse: ISO 12312-2 certified solar glasses or shade #14 welding goggles—only the #14 glass is dark enough. Do not use welding goggles with an unknown shade number, as there are many goggles that seem very dark upon casual observation but are not dark enough to protect your eyes. The same applies to sunglasses: even the darkest pair of sunglasses you own is not remotely dark enough to protect your eyes and, ironically, wearing them will actually make eye damage worse—your pupils will dilate behind them, allowing more damaging light from the eclipse to enter your eye. With that in mind, it is imperative to purchase proper eyewear.
您可以使用两种形式的眼睛防护来安全地观看Eclipse：ISO 12312-2认证的太阳眼镜或遮阳＃14焊接护目镜-仅＃14玻璃足够暗。 请勿使用阴影编号未知的电焊护目镜，因为许多护目镜在随意观察时看起来很暗，但其亮度不足以保护您的眼睛。 这同样适用于太阳镜：即使您拥有的最暗的太阳镜，也不足以保护您的眼睛，而且讽刺的是，戴上墨镜实际上会使眼睛的伤害更糟-您的瞳Kong会在它们后面散开，从而使Eclipse产生更多有害的光进入你的眼睛。 考虑到这一点，必须购买合适的眼镜。
Thanks to the attention this eclipse has garnered, there are many people cashing in on selling eclipse glasses (many of which are offering inferior products). Don’t buy glasses at the last minute at a gas station or any random product you find searching online. Instead, purchase only glasses from companies that have properly ISO certified their products to ensure a safe experience. You can find packs of inexpensive disposable viewing goggles from American Paper Optics, Rainbow Symphony, Thousand Oaks Optical, and TSE 17—all four companies are endorsed by NASA.
由于这次Eclipse引起了人们的关注，许多人从出售Eclipse眼镜中获利(很多人提供劣质产品)。 不要在加油站的最后一刻或在网上搜索到的任何随机产品中购买眼镜。 相反，请仅从已通过ISO正确认证的公司购买眼镜，以确保安全的使用体验。 您可以从American Paper Optics ， Rainbow Symphony ， Thousand Oaks Optical和TSE 17中找到便宜的一次性观察镜，这四个公司都得到了NASA的认可。
We highly recommend you order your glasses now, as it may become difficult to secure glasses as the eclipse approaches (especially if you’re buying multiple pairs for your family or friends).
我们强烈建议您立即订购眼镜，因为随着Eclipse的临近(特别是如果您要为家人或朋友购买多副眼镜)，保护眼镜的难度可能会增加。
Once you have your glasses, it’s important to use them properly. Put them on while looking away from the sun and don’t remove them at any time during the observation of the eclipse if you are outside the path of totality. There is one small exception to the no-removal-rule. For around 2 minutes under the path of totality at the peak of the eclipse, the moon will completely block out the sun and the eclipse can be observed with the naked eye in a rather spectacular display. If you are not in the path of totality, however, the sun will never be completely blocked, and it will never be safe to look at it with the naked eye. If you’re unsure if it’s safe to look without your protective eyewear, then don’t do so—you can still see the eclipse with the eyewear in place.
戴上眼镜后，正确使用眼镜很重要。 将它们戴在远离太阳的地方，如果您不在整体道路上，则在Eclipse观测期间请勿随时将其移开。 禁止删除规则有一个小的例外。 在月食最高峰的总路径下大约2分钟，月亮将完全遮挡太阳，并且可以用肉眼观察到月食，从而获得了相当壮观的效果。 但是，如果您不走整体道路，那么太阳将永远不会被完全遮挡，并且用肉眼看太阳绝对不会安全。 如果您不确定不用防护眼镜是否可以安全看眼，那就不要这样做-仍然可以在戴有防护眼镜的情况下看到Eclipse。
Finally, don’t wear glasses that are damaged in any way. If the lenses are scratched or the frames damaged on your eclipse glasses, do not use them—even a small scratch in the protective film can allow dangerous levels of light to enter your eye.
最后，不要戴任何被损坏的眼镜。 如果在月食眼镜上划伤了镜片或镜架，请不要使用它们-即使保护膜上的小划痕也可能使危险的光线进入眼睛。
间接观看是最安全的(特别是对于儿童) (Indirect Viewing Is the Safest (Especially for Children))
If you didn’t get a chance to purchase glasses in time or if you prefer to do your eclipse watching in the safest possible manner (especially if you want to watch it with young children whom you’d prefer not look directly at the sun at all), you can easily and cheaply observe the solar eclipse with a pinhole viewer.
如果您没有及时购买眼镜的机会，或者您希望以最安全的方式观看Eclipse(尤其是如果您想与年幼的孩子一起观看Eclipse，那么您最好不要直接看太阳所有)，您可以使用针Kong观测器轻松，廉价地观测Eclipse。
The premise behind a pinhole viewer is simple: a pinhole in a sheet of opaque material can act as a lens and the projection of that lens upon another surface can be viewed indirectly with no risk to your eyes. We want to emphasize that last part very strongly: you never look directly through the pinhole itself, but instead look at the surface the light from the solar eclipse is falling. Here’s a demonstration video, courtesy of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, showing how you can turn a cereal box into a solar eclipse viewer with nothing more than the box, a scrap of tin foil, a sheet of white paper, some tape, and a pin.
针Kong查看器背后的前提很简单：一块不透明材料中的针Kong可以充当透镜，并且可以间接观察该透镜在另一表面上的投影，而不会冒着眼睛的危险。 我们要非常强调最后一部分：您永远不要直视针Kong本身，而要看着表面的Eclipse光线正在下降。 这是一个由美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心提供的演示视频，展示了如何将一个谷物盒变成Eclipse观察者，只剩下一个盒子，一小块锡纸，一张白纸，一些胶带和一个销。
The general principle outlined in the demonstration video above can be scaled and applied in all sorts of ways. You could turn a refrigerator box into a walk-in eclipse viewer, if you were so inclined, using the same principle. If you search YouTube for “pinhole eclipse” you’ll find a variety of tutorial videos outlining how to make eclipse viewers of varying sizes—one of our favorites, by far, is this terribly clever Pringles-can-as-eclipse-viewer tutorial.
上面的演示视频中概述的一般原理可以通过各种方式进行缩放和应用。 如果您如此倾斜，则可以使用相同的原理将冰箱盒子变成步入式Eclipse查看器。 如果您在YouTube上搜索“针Kong偏食”，您会发现各种教程视频，概述了如何制作各种尺寸的食偏者-到目前为止，我们最喜欢的聪明的方法之一是Pringles-can-as-eclipse-viewer教程。
The most important element of using any pinhole observation method is to ensure that you (or the child you’re assisting) does not attempt to look through the pinhole directly, but instead only looks at the image of the sun projected on another surface.
使用任何针Kong观察方法的最重要要素是确保您(或您正在帮助的孩子)不要试图直接看穿针Kong，而只能看投射在另一个表面上的太阳图像。
With these guidelines in place—only look at the eclipse with properly rated protective eye wear or indirectly through a pinhole viewer—you can safely enjoy the eclipse.
有了这些指导方针后，只需以适当防护眼镜的眼角观看月食，或通过针Kong观察器间接观看Eclipse，您就可以安全地欣赏Eclipse了。
翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/318390/how-to-safely-observe-a-solar-eclipse/
被观测者决定观测者