Delphi中的三值逻辑

Question

如何在 Delphi 中最好地实现 three valued logic？

我在想

type
  TExtBoolean = (ebTrue, ebFalse, ebUnknown);

与

function ExtOr(A: TExtBoolean; B: TExtBoolean): TExtBoolean;
begin
  if (A = ebTrue) or (B = ebTrue) then
    Result := ebTrue
  else if (A = ebFalse) and (B = ebFalse) then
    Result := ebFalse
  else
    Result := ebUnknown;
end;

等等。

但这似乎不是很优雅。有没有更好的方法？

编辑：优雅是指易于使用。实现越优雅越好。 CPU 效率对我来说并不重要。

Answer 1

您可以通过运算符重载来实现增强的记录。它看起来像这样：

type
  TTriBool = record
  public
    type
      TTriBoolEnum = (tbFalse, tbTrue, tbUnknown);
  public
    Value: TTriBoolEnum;
  public
    class operator Implicit(const Value: Boolean): TTriBool;
    class operator Implicit(const Value: TTriBoolEnum): TTriBool;
    class operator Implicit(const Value: TTriBool): TTriBoolEnum;
    class operator Equal(const lhs, rhs: TTriBool): Boolean;
    class operator LogicalOr(const lhs, rhs: TTriBool): TTriBool;
    function ToString: string;
  end;

class operator TTriBool.Implicit(const Value: Boolean): TTriBool;
begin
  if Value then
    Result.Value := tbTrue
  else
    Result.Value := tbFalse;
end;

class operator TTriBool.Implicit(const Value: TTriBoolEnum): TTriBool;
begin
  Result.Value := Value;
end;

class operator TTriBool.Implicit(const Value: TTriBool): TTriBoolEnum;
begin
  Result := Value.Value;
end;

class operator TTriBool.Equal(const lhs, rhs: TTriBool): Boolean;
begin
  Result := lhs.Value=rhs.Value;
end;

class operator TTriBool.LogicalOr(const lhs, rhs: TTriBool): TTriBool;
begin
  if (lhs.Value=tbTrue) or (rhs.Value=tbTrue) then
    Result := tbTrue
  else if (lhs.Value=tbFalse) and (rhs.Value=tbFalse) then
    Result := tbFalse
  else
    Result := tbUnknown;
end;

function TTriBool.ToString: string;
begin
  case Value of
  tbFalse:
    Result := 'False';
  tbTrue:
    Result := 'True';
  tbUnknown:
    Result := 'Unknown';
  end;
end;

一些示例用法：

var
  x: Double;
  tb1, tb2: TTriBool;

tb1 := True;
tb2 := x>3.0;
Writeln((tb1 or tb2).ToString);

tb1 := False;
tb2.Value := tbUnknown;
Writeln((tb1 or tb2).ToString);

哪个输出：

真的 未知

Answer 2

作为。 elegancre 在这里是什么意思？实施的优雅还是使用的优雅或CPI效率或可维护性？优雅是一个很模糊的词……

我认为使其更易于使用的明显方法是将类型转换为像ExtBoolean1 or (ExtBoolean2 and True) 这样的时尚可用。

但是，所需的功能可能在 Delphi 2006 之前或不久之前（本身就是一个有缺陷的版本），所以带上您的 DUnit 并进行大量测试..

列出要使用的功能及其描述：

1. 增强记录：When should I use enhanced record types in Delphi instead of classes? 和 http://delphi.about.com/od/adptips2006/qt/newdelphirecord.htm 和 manual
2. 操作重载，包括隐式类型转换：What operator do I overload when assigning an "Enhanced Record" to a normal "Data Type" variable? 和 Operator Overloading in Delphi 和 manual
3. 函数内联：what is use of inline keyword in delphi 和 manual

概述其中的一些想法：

type
  TExtBoolean = record
     Value: (ebUnknown, ebTrue, ebFalse);

     function IsNull: boolean; inline;
     function Defined: boolean; inline;

     class operator Implicit ( from: boolean ): TExtBoolean; inline;
     class operator Implicit ( from: TExtBoolean ): boolean; 
     class operator LogicalAnd( Value1, Value2: TExtBoolean ):   TExtBoolean; 
     class operator LogicalAnd( Value1: TExtBoolean; Value2: boolean):  TExtBoolean; inline;
     class operator LogicalAnd( Value1: boolean; Value2: TExtBoolean ):   TExtBoolean; 
....
  end;

const Unknown: TExtBoolean = (Value: ebUnknown); 

...
var v1: TExtBoolean;
    v1 := False; 
    v1 := True;
    v1 := Unknown;
...

class operator TExtBoolean.Implicit ( from: boolean ): TExtBoolean; 
begin
  if from
     then Result.Value := ebTrue
     else Result.Value := ebFalse
end;

class operator TExtBoolean.Implicit ( from: TExtBoolean ): Boolean; 
begin
  case from.Value of
    ebTrue: Result := True;
    ebFalse: Result := False;  
    else raise EConvertError.Create('....');
end;


function TExtBoolean.Defined: boolean; 
begin
  Result := (Self.Value = ebTrue) or (Self.Value = ebFalse);
end;

// this implementation detects values other than ebTrue/ebFalse/ebUnkonwn
// that might appear in reality due to non-initialized memory garbage 
// since hardware type of Value is byte and may be equal to 3, 4, ...255
function TExtBoolean.IsNull: boolean; 
begin
  Result := not Self.Defined
end;

class operator TExtBoolean.And( Value1, Value2: TExtBoolean ): TExtBoolean; 
begin
  if Value1.IsNull or Value2.IsNull
     then Result.Value := eb.Undefined
     else Result := boolean(Value1) and boolean(Value2);
// Or, sacrificing readability and safety for the sake of speed
// and removing duplicate IsNull checks
//   else Result := (Value1.Value = ebTrue) and (Value2.Value = ebTrue);
end;

class operator TExtBoolean.LogicalAnd( Value1, TExtBoolean; Value2: boolean):  TExtBoolean;
begin
  Result := Value2 and Value1;
end;

class operator TExtBoolean.LogicalAnd( Value1: boolean; Value2: TExtBoolean ):   TExtBoolean; 
begin
  if Value2.IsNull
     then Result := Value2
     else Result := Value1 and (Value2.Value = ebTrue);
// or if to accept a duplicate redundant check for readability sake
//   and to avert potential later erros (refactoring, you may accidentally remove the check above)
//    else Result := Value1 and boolean (Value2);
end;

等

PS。上面未指定的检查是故意悲观的，倾向于在坏的方面犯错。它是针对未初始化变量和未来可能发生的变化的防御，添加的状态多于三个。 虽然 thise 似乎保护过度，但至少 Delphi XE2 同意 mee：请参阅类似情况下的警告：

program Project20;  {$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses System.SysUtils;

type enum = (e1, e2, e3);
var e: enum;

function name( e: enum ): char;
begin
  case e of
    e1: Result := 'A';
    e2: Result := 'B';
    e3: Result := 'C';
  end;
end;

// [DCC Warning] Project20.dpr: W1035 Return value of function 'name' might be undefined

begin
  for e := e1 to e3
      do Writeln(name(e));
  ReadLn;
end.