Microsoft 编译器在为调试模式编译时用于各种未拥有/未初始化内存的快速摘要(支持可能因编译器版本而异):
Value Name Description
------ -------- -------------------------
0xCD Clean Memory Allocated memory via malloc or new but never
written by the application.
0xDD Dead Memory Memory that has been released with delete or free.
It is used to detect writing through dangling pointers.
0xED or Aligned Fence 'No man's land' for aligned allocations. Using a
0xBD different value here than 0xFD allows the runtime
to detect not only writing outside the allocation,
but to also identify mixing alignment-specific
allocation/deallocation routines with the regular
ones.
0xFD Fence Memory Also known as "no mans land." This is used to wrap
the allocated memory (surrounding it with a fence)
and is used to detect indexing arrays out of
bounds or other accesses (especially writes) past
the end (or start) of an allocated block.
0xFD or Buffer slack Used to fill slack space in some memory buffers
0xFE (unused parts of `std::string` or the user buffer
passed to `fread()`). 0xFD is used in VS 2005 (maybe
some prior versions, too), 0xFE is used in VS 2008
and later.
0xCC When the code is compiled with the /GZ option,
uninitialized variables are automatically assigned
to this value (at byte level).
// the following magic values are done by the OS, not the C runtime:
0xAB (Allocated Block?) Memory allocated by LocalAlloc().
0xBAADF00D Bad Food Memory allocated by LocalAlloc() with LMEM_FIXED,but
not yet written to.
0xFEEEFEEE OS fill heap memory, which was marked for usage,
but wasn't allocated by HeapAlloc() or LocalAlloc().
Or that memory just has been freed by HeapFree().
免责声明:表格来自我的一些笔记 - 它们可能不是 100% 正确(或连贯)。
其中许多值在 vc/crt/src/dbgheap.c 中定义:
/*
* The following values are non-zero, constant, odd, large, and atypical
* Non-zero values help find bugs assuming zero filled data.
* Constant values are good, so that memory filling is deterministic
* (to help make bugs reproducible). Of course, it is bad if
* the constant filling of weird values masks a bug.
* Mathematically odd numbers are good for finding bugs assuming a cleared
* lower bit.
* Large numbers (byte values at least) are less typical and are good
* at finding bad addresses.
* Atypical values (i.e. not too often) are good since they typically
* cause early detection in code.
* For the case of no man's land and free blocks, if you store to any
* of these locations, the memory integrity checker will detect it.
*
* _bAlignLandFill has been changed from 0xBD to 0xED, to ensure that
* 4 bytes of that (0xEDEDEDED) would give an inaccessible address under 3gb.
*/
static unsigned char _bNoMansLandFill = 0xFD; /* fill no-man's land with this */
static unsigned char _bAlignLandFill = 0xED; /* fill no-man's land for aligned routines */
static unsigned char _bDeadLandFill = 0xDD; /* fill free objects with this */
static unsigned char _bCleanLandFill = 0xCD; /* fill new objects with this */
还有几次调试运行时会用已知值填充缓冲区(或部分缓冲区),例如,std::string 分配中的“松弛”空间或传递给 fread() 的缓冲区.这些情况使用名称为_SECURECRT_FILL_BUFFER_PATTERN(在crtdefs.h 中定义)的值。我不确定它是何时引入的,但它至少在 VS 2005 (VC++8) 的调试运行时中。
最初,用于填充这些缓冲区的值是0xFD - 与用于无人区的值相同。但是,在 VS 2008 (VC++9) 中,该值更改为 0xFE。我认为这是因为在某些情况下,填充操作会超出缓冲区的末尾,例如,如果调用者传入的缓冲区大小对于fread() 来说太大。在这种情况下,0xFD 的值可能不会触发检测此溢出,因为如果缓冲区大小仅大 1,则填充值将与用于初始化该金丝雀的无人土地值相同。无人区没有变化意味着越界不会被注意到。
因此在 VS 2008 中更改了填充值,这样这种情况就会改变无人区金丝雀,从而导致运行时检测到问题。
正如其他人所指出的,这些值的关键属性之一是,如果取消引用具有这些值之一的指针变量,则会导致访问冲突,因为在标准 32 位 Windows 配置中,用户模式地址不会高于 0x7fffffff。