当您可以直接在原地创建箭头时，请勿为此使用旋转。同样，弯管也可以这样做。唯一需要的就是A,B 端点定义的最后一条线段。
设A 为尖点，B 为圆盘基中心。要创建箭头，您需要 2 个额外的基向量，我们将它们称为基盘的 U,V 和半径 r。从它们中，您可以使用如下简单的圆形公式创建圆盘点：
获取AB端点
-
计算U,V基向量
U,V 应位于箭头的圆盘底部，且应相互垂直。箭头的方向（线|BA|）是圆盘基础法线，因此利用叉积将垂直向量返回到相乘的向量，因此：
W = B-A;
W /= |W|; // unit vector
T = (1,0,0); // temp any non zero vector not parallel to W
if ( |(W.T)|>0.75 ) T = (0,1,0); // if abs dot product of T and W is close to 1 it means they are close to parallel so chose different T
U = (T x W) // U is perpendicular to T,W
V = (U x W) // V is perpendicular to U,W
-
创建/渲染箭头几何
那是简单的展位A,B 是三角扇的中心（需要 2），圆盘基点的计算如下：
P(ang) = B + U.r.cos(ang) + V.r.sin(ang)
所以只需将ang 循环通过一些步骤，这样您就可以获得足够的积分（通常 36 就足够了），并从它们中做两个三角扇。不要忘记最后一个圆盘点必须与第一个圆盘点相同，否则ang = 0 或360 度数上会出现丑陋的外观或孔。
如果您仍想进行轮换，则可以这样做。以与上述相同的方式计算U,V,W，并从中构造变换矩阵。原点O 将是点B 和轴X,Y,Z 将是U,V,W 顺序取决于您的箭头型号。 W 应该与模型轴匹配。 U,V 可以按任何顺序排列。所以只需将所有向量复制到它们的位置并使用此矩阵进行渲染。欲了解更多信息，请参阅：
[备注]
如果您不知道如何计算交叉/点积或绝对值等向量运算，请参阅：
// cross product: W = U x V
W.x=(U.y*V.z)-(U.z*V.y)
W.y=(U.z*V.x)-(U.x*V.z)
W.z=(U.x*V.y)-(U.y*V.x)
// dot product: a = (U.V)
a=U.x*V.x+U.y*V.y+U.z*V.z
// abs of vector a = |U|
a=sqrt((U.x*U.x)+(U.y*U.y)+(U.z*U.z))
[Edit1] 简单的 GL 实现
我不在您的环境中编写代码，但由于投票和评论表明你们无法自行将其放在一起，考虑到您已经走到了这一步，这很奇怪，所以这里是简单的 C++/GL 示例如何做到这一点（您可以将其移植到您的环境中）：
void glArrowRoundxy(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat a0,GLfloat a1,GLfloat a2)
{
const int _glCircleN=50; // points per circle
const int n=3*_glCircleN;
int i,j,ix,e;
float x,y,z,x1,y1,z1,a,b,da,db=pi2/(_glCircleN-1);
float ux,uy,uz,vx,vy,vz,u,v;
// buffers
GLfloat ptab[6*_glCircleN],*p0,*p1,*n0,*n1,*p;
p0=ptab+(0*_glCircleN); // previous tube segment circle points
p1=ptab+(3*_glCircleN); // actual tube segment circle points
da=+db; if (a0>a1) da=-db; // main angle step direction
ux=0.0; // U is normal to arrow plane
uy=0.0;
uz=1.0;
// arc interpolation a=<a0,a1>
for (e=1,j=0,a=a0;e;j++,a+=da)
{
// end conditions
if ((da>0.0)&&(a>=a1)) { a=a1; e=0; }
if ((da<0.0)&&(a<=a1)) { a=a1; e=0; }
// compute actual tube ceneter
x1=x0+(r*cos(a));
y1=y0+(r*sin(a));
z1=z0;
// V is direction from (x0,y0,z0) to (x1,y1,z1)
vx=x1-x0;
vy=y1-y0;
vz=z1-z0;
// and unit of coarse
b=sqrt((vx*vx)+(vy*vy)+(vz*vz));
if (b>1e-6) b=1.0/b; else b=0.0;
vx*=b;
vy*=b;
vz*=b;
// tube segment
for (ix=0,b=0.0,i=0;i<_glCircleN;i++,b+=db)
{
u=r0*cos(b);
v=r0*sin(b);
p1[ix]=x1+(ux*u)+(vx*v); ix++;
p1[ix]=y1+(uy*u)+(vy*v); ix++;
p1[ix]=z1+(uz*u)+(vz*v); ix++;
}
if (!j)
{
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glVertex3f(x1,y1,z1);
for (ix=0;ix<n;ix+=3) glVertex3fv(p1+ix);
glEnd();
}
else{
glBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);
for (ix=0;ix<n;ix+=3)
{
glVertex3fv(p0+ix);
glVertex3fv(p1+ix);
}
glEnd();
}
// swap buffers
p=p0; p0=p1; p1=p;
p=n0; n0=n1; n1=p;
}
// arrowhead a=<a1,a2>
for (ix=0,b=0.0,i=0;i<_glCircleN;i++,b+=db)
{
u=r1*cos(b);
v=r1*sin(b);
p1[ix]=x1+(ux*u)+(vx*v); ix++;
p1[ix]=y1+(uy*u)+(vy*v); ix++;
p1[ix]=z1+(uz*u)+(vz*v); ix++;
}
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glVertex3f(x1,y1,z1);
for (ix=0;ix<n;ix+=3) glVertex3fv(p1+ix);
glEnd();
x1=x0+(r*cos(a2));
y1=y0+(r*sin(a2));
z1=z0;
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glVertex3f(x1,y1,z1);
for (ix=n-3;ix>=0;ix-=3) glVertex3fv(p1+ix);
glEnd();
}
这会在 XY 平面上渲染弯曲箭头，中心为 x,y,z，大半径为 r。 r0 是管半径，r1 是箭头基部半径。因为我没有你的曲线定义，所以我选择 XY 平面中的圆。 a0,a1,a2 是箭头开始 (a0)、箭头开始 (a1) 和结束 (a2) 的角度。 pi2 只是常量 pi2=6.283185307179586476925286766559。
我们的想法是记住实际和之前的管段圆点，以便ptab,p0,p1 存在，否则您需要计算所有内容两次。
当我直接选择 XY 平面时，我知道一个基向量是垂直于它的。第二个是垂直于它和箭头方向幸运的是圆形属性提供了它自己，因此在这种情况下不需要叉积。
如果不评论我，希望它足够清楚。
[编辑2]
我需要将它添加到我的引擎中，所以这里是 3D 版本（不仅绑定到轴对齐的箭头，而且圆锥体也弯曲了）。除了基础向量计算之外，它是相同的，我还在标题中稍微改变了角度<a0,a1> 是整个间隔，aa 是箭头大小，但在代码中它被转换为原始约定。我还添加了用于照明计算的法线。我还添加了线性箭头，其中基向量的计算没有利用圆形属性，以防你得到不同的曲线。这里的结果：
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
const int _glCircleN=50; // points per circle
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrowxy(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat a0,GLfloat a1,GLfloat aa)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double nor[3]={0.0,0.0,1.0};
double bin[3]={1.0,0.0,0.0};
glCircleArrow3D(pos,nor,bin,r,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrowyz(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat a0,GLfloat a1,GLfloat aa)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double nor[3]={1.0,0.0,0.0};
double bin[3]={0.0,1.0,0.0};
glCircleArrow3D(pos,nor,bin,r,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrowxz(GLfloat x0,GLfloat y0,GLfloat z0,GLfloat r,GLfloat r0,GLfloat r1,GLfloat a0,GLfloat a1,GLfloat aa)
{
double pos[3]={ x0, y0, z0};
double nor[3]={0.0,1.0,0.0};
double bin[3]={0.0,0.0,1.0};
glCircleArrow3D(pos,nor,bin,r,r0,r1,a0,a1,aa);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glCircleArrow3D(double *pos,double *nor,double *bin,double r,double r0,double r1,double a0,double a1,double aa)
{
// const int _glCircleN=20; // points per circle
int e,i,j,N=3*_glCircleN;
double U[3],V[3],u,v;
double a,b,da,db=pi2/double(_glCircleN-1),a2,rr;
double *ptab,*p0,*p1,*n0,*n1,*pp,p[3],q[3],c[3],n[3],tan[3];
// buffers
ptab=new double [12*_glCircleN]; if (ptab==NULL) return;
p0=ptab+(0*_glCircleN);
n0=ptab+(3*_glCircleN);
p1=ptab+(6*_glCircleN);
n1=ptab+(9*_glCircleN);
// prepare angles
a2=a1; da=db; aa=fabs(aa);
if (a0>a1) { da=-da; aa=-aa; }
a1-=aa;
// compute missing basis vectors
vector_copy(U,nor); // U is normal to arrow plane
vector_mul(tan,nor,bin); // tangent is perpendicular to normal and binormal
// arc interpolation a=<a0,a2>
for (e=0,j=0,a=a0;e<5;j++,a+=da)
{
// end conditions
if (e==0) // e=0
{
if ((da>0.0)&&(a>=a1)) { a=a1; e++; }
if ((da<0.0)&&(a<=a1)) { a=a1; e++; }
rr=r0;
}
else{ // e=1,2,3,4
if ((da>0.0)&&(a>=a2)) { a=a2; e++; }
if ((da<0.0)&&(a<=a2)) { a=a2; e++; }
rr=r1*fabs(divide(a-a2,a2-a1));
}
// compute actual tube segment center c[3]
u=r*cos(a);
v=r*sin(a);
vector_mul(p,bin,u);
vector_mul(q,tan,v);
vector_add(c,p, q);
vector_add(c,c,pos);
// V is unit direction from arrow center to tube segment center
vector_sub(V,c,pos);
vector_one(V,V);
// tube segment interpolation
for (b=0.0,i=0;i<N;i+=3,b+=db)
{
u=cos(b);
v=sin(b);
vector_mul(p,U,u); // normal
vector_mul(q,V,v);
vector_add(n1+i,p,q);
vector_mul(p,n1+i,rr); // vertex
vector_add(p1+i,p,c);
}
if (e>1) // recompute normals for cone
{
for (i=3;i<N;i+=3)
{
vector_sub(p,p0+i ,p1+i);
vector_sub(q,p1+i-3,p1+i);
vector_mul(p,p,q);
vector_one(n1+i,p);
}
vector_sub(p,p0 ,p1);
vector_sub(q,p1+N-3,p1);
vector_mul(p,q,p);
vector_one(n1,p);
if (da>0.0) for (i=0;i<N;i+=3) vector_neg(n1+i,n1+i);
if (e== 3) for (i=0;i<N;i+=3) vector_copy(n0+i,n1+i);
}
// render base disc
if (!j)
{
vector_mul(n,U,V);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glNormal3dv(n);
glVertex3dv(c);
if (da<0.0) for (i=N-3;i>=0;i-=3) glVertex3dv(p1+i);
else for (i= 0;i< N;i+=3) glVertex3dv(p1+i);
glEnd();
}
// render tube
else{
glBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);
if (da<0.0) for (i=0;i<N;i+=3)
{
glNormal3dv(n1+i); glVertex3dv(p1+i);
glNormal3dv(n0+i); glVertex3dv(p0+i);
}
else for (i=0;i<N;i+=3)
{
glNormal3dv(n0+i); glVertex3dv(p0+i);
glNormal3dv(n1+i); glVertex3dv(p1+i);
}
glEnd();
}
// swap buffers
pp=p0; p0=p1; p1=pp;
pp=n0; n0=n1; n1=pp;
// handle r0 -> r1 edge
if (e==1) a-=da;
if ((e==1)||(e==2)||(e==3)) e++;
}
// release buffers
delete[] ptab;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void glLinearArrow3D(double *pos,double *dir,double r0,double r1,double l,double al)
{
// const int _glCircleN=20; // points per circle
int e,i,N=3*_glCircleN;
double U[3],V[3],W[3],u,v;
double a,da=pi2/double(_glCircleN-1),r,t;
double *ptab,*p0,*p1,*n1,*pp,p[3],q[3],c[3],n[3];
// buffers
ptab=new double [9*_glCircleN]; if (ptab==NULL) return;
p0=ptab+(0*_glCircleN);
p1=ptab+(3*_glCircleN);
n1=ptab+(6*_glCircleN);
// compute basis vectors
vector_one(W,dir);
vector_ld(p,1.0,0.0,0.0);
vector_ld(q,0.0,1.0,0.0);
vector_ld(n,0.0,0.0,1.0);
a=fabs(vector_mul(W,p)); pp=p; t=a;
a=fabs(vector_mul(W,q)); if (t>a) { pp=q; t=a; }
a=fabs(vector_mul(W,n)); if (t>a) { pp=n; t=a; }
vector_mul(U,W,pp);
vector_mul(V,U,W);
vector_mul(U,V,W);
for (e=0;e<4;e++)
{
// segment center
if (e==0) { t=0.0; r= r0; }
if (e==1) { t=l-al; r= r0; }
if (e==2) { t=l-al; r= r1; }
if (e==3) { t=l; r=0.0; }
vector_mul(c,W,t);
vector_add(c,c,pos);
// tube segment interpolation
for (a=0.0,i=0;i<N;i+=3,a+=da)
{
u=cos(a);
v=sin(a);
vector_mul(p,U,u); // normal
vector_mul(q,V,v);
vector_add(n1+i,p,q);
vector_mul(p,n1+i,r); // vertex
vector_add(p1+i,p,c);
}
if (e>2) // recompute normals for cone
{
for (i=3;i<N;i+=3)
{
vector_sub(p,p0+i ,p1+i);
vector_sub(q,p1+i-3,p1+i);
vector_mul(p,p,q);
vector_one(n1+i,p);
}
vector_sub(p,p0 ,p1);
vector_sub(q,p1+N-3,p1);
vector_mul(p,q,p);
vector_one(n1,p);
}
// render base disc
if (!e)
{
vector_neg(n,W);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glNormal3dv(n);
glVertex3dv(c);
for (i=0;i<N;i+=3) glVertex3dv(p1+i);
glEnd();
}
// render tube
else{
glBegin(GL_QUAD_STRIP);
for (i=0;i<N;i+=3)
{
glNormal3dv(n1+i);
glVertex3dv(p0+i);
glVertex3dv(p1+i);
}
glEnd();
}
// swap buffers
pp=p0; p0=p1; p1=pp;
}
// release buffers
delete[] ptab;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
用法：
glColor3f(0.5,0.5,0.5);
glCircleArrowyz(+3.5,0.0,0.0,0.5,0.1,0.2,0.0*deg,+270.0*deg,45.0*deg);
glCircleArrowyz(-3.5,0.0,0.0,0.5,0.1,0.2,0.0*deg,-270.0*deg,45.0*deg);
glCircleArrowxz(0.0,+3.5,0.0,0.5,0.1,0.2,0.0*deg,+270.0*deg,45.0*deg);
glCircleArrowxz(0.0,-3.5,0.0,0.5,0.1,0.2,0.0*deg,-270.0*deg,45.0*deg);
glCircleArrowxy(0.0,0.0,+3.5,0.5,0.1,0.2,0.0*deg,+270.0*deg,45.0*deg);
glCircleArrowxy(0.0,0.0,-3.5,0.5,0.1,0.2,0.0*deg,-270.0*deg,45.0*deg);
glColor3f(0.2,0.2,0.2);
glLinearArrow3D(vector_ld(+2.0,0.0,0.0),vector_ld(+1.0,0.0,0.0),0.1,0.2,2.0,0.5);
glLinearArrow3D(vector_ld(-2.0,0.0,0.0),vector_ld(-1.0,0.0,0.0),0.1,0.2,2.0,0.5);
glLinearArrow3D(vector_ld(0.0,+2.0,0.0),vector_ld(0.0,+1.0,0.0),0.1,0.2,2.0,0.5);
glLinearArrow3D(vector_ld(0.0,-2.0,0.0),vector_ld(0.0,-1.0,0.0),0.1,0.2,2.0,0.5);
glLinearArrow3D(vector_ld(0.0,0.0,+2.0),vector_ld(0.0,0.0,+1.0),0.1,0.2,2.0,0.5);
glLinearArrow3D(vector_ld(0.0,0.0,-2.0),vector_ld(0.0,0.0,-1.0),0.1,0.2,2.0,0.5);
和箭头的概述（在图像的右侧）：
我正在使用我的矢量库，所以这里有一些解释：
vector_mul(a[3],b[3],c[3]) 是叉积 a = b x c
vector_mul(a[3],b[3],c) 是标量 a = b.c 的简单乘法
a = vector_mul(b[3],c[3]) 是点积 a = (b.c)
vector_one(a[3],b[3]) 是单位向量 a = b/|b|
vector_copy(a[3],b[3]) 只是复制a = b
vector_add(a[3],b[3],c[3]) 正在添加a = b + c
vector_sub(a[3],b[3],c[3]) 正在减去 a = b - c
vector_neg(a[3],b[3]) 是否定的a = -b
vector_ld(a[3],x,y,z) 正在加载 a = (x,y,z)
pos 是圆箭头的中心位置，nor 是箭头所在平面的法线。 bin 是双法线，角度从这个轴开始。应该垂直于nor。 r,r0,r1 是箭头的半径（弯、管、锥）
线性箭头类似，dir 是箭头方向，l 是箭头大小，al 是箭头大小。