直到现在我才知道错了吗？
我们可能无法从您的代码中分辨出来。优化器很聪明，“击败”或“欺骗”它有时非常具有挑战性。
在下文中，我使用 'assert()' 来尝试控制优化器的积极性。另请注意，'time(0)' 是 Ubuntu 15.10 上的快速函数。我相信编译器还不知道组合会做什么，因此不会删除它，提供更可靠/可重复的测量。
我认为我更喜欢这些结果，也许这些表明动态转换比虚函数调用慢。
环境：
on an older Dell, using Ubuntu 15.10, 64 bit, and -O3
~$ g++-5 --version
g++-5 (Ubuntu 5.2.1-23ubuntu1~15.10) 5.2.1 20151028
结果（动态转换后跟虚拟函数）：
void T523_t::testStruct()
0.443445
0.184873
void T523_t::testClass()
252,495 us
184,961 us
FINI 2914399 us
代码：
#include <chrono>
// 'compressed' chrono access --------------vvvvvvv
typedef std::chrono::high_resolution_clock HRClk_t; // std-chrono-hi-res-clk
typedef HRClk_t::time_point Time_t; // std-chrono-hi-res-clk-time-point
typedef std::chrono::milliseconds MS_t; // std-chrono-milliseconds
typedef std::chrono::microseconds US_t; // std-chrono-microseconds
typedef std::chrono::nanoseconds NS_t; // std-chrono-nanoseconds
using namespace std::chrono_literals; // support suffixes like 100ms, 2s, 30us
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
#include <cassert>
// original ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
struct A {
virtual ~A() = default; // warning: ‘struct A’ has virtual functions and
// accessible non-virtual destructor [-Wnon-virtual-dtor]
virtual void foo() { assert(time(0)); }
};
struct B : public A {
virtual void foo() override { assert(time(0)); }
};
struct C : public B {
virtual void foo() override { assert(time(0)); }
};
// with class ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// If your C++ code has no class ... why bother?
class A_t {
public:
virtual ~A_t() = default; // warning: ‘struct A’ has virtual functions and
// accessible non-virtual destructor [-Wnon-virtual-dtor]
virtual void foo() { assert(time(0)); }
};
class B_t : public A_t {
public:
virtual void foo() override { assert(time(0)); }
};
class C_t : public B_t {
public:
virtual void foo() override { assert(time(0)); }
};
class T523_t
{
public:
T523_t() = default;
~T523_t() = default;
int exec()
{
testStruct();
testClass();
return(0);
}
private: // methods
std::string digiComma(std::string s)
{ //vvvvv--sSize must be signed int of sufficient size
int32_t sSize = static_cast<int32_t>(s.size());
if (sSize > 3)
for (int32_t indx = (sSize - 3); indx > 0; indx -= 3)
s.insert(static_cast<size_t>(indx), 1, ',');
return(s);
}
void testStruct()
{
using std::vector;
using std::cout; using std::endl;
std::cout << "\n\n " << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
vector<A *> vec;
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i)
if (i % 2)
vec.push_back(new C());
else
vec.push_back(new B());
clock_t begin = clock();
int i=0;
for (auto iter : vec)
{
if(i % 2) (assert(dynamic_cast<C*>(iter))); // if (dynamic_cast<C*>(iter)) {};
else (assert(dynamic_cast<B*>(iter)));
}
clock_t end = clock();
cout << "\n " << std::setw(8)
<< ((static_cast<double>(end) - static_cast<double>(begin))
/ CLOCKS_PER_SEC) << endl; //^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
// warning: conversion to ‘double’ from ‘clock_t {aka long int}’ may alter its value [-Wconversion]
begin = clock();
for (auto iter : vec)
iter->foo();
end = clock();
cout << "\n " << std::setw(8)
<< ((static_cast<double>(end) - static_cast<double>(begin))
/ CLOCKS_PER_SEC) << endl; //^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
// warning: conversion to ‘double’ from ‘clock_t {aka long int}’ may alter its value [-Wconversion]
}
void testClass()
{
std::cout << "\n\n " << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
std::vector<A_t *> APtrVec;
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i)
{
if (i % 2) APtrVec.push_back(new C_t());
else APtrVec.push_back(new B_t());
}
{
Time_t start_us = HRClk_t::now();
int i = 0;
for (auto Aptr : APtrVec)
{
if(i % 2) assert(dynamic_cast<C_t*>(Aptr)); // check for nullptr
else assert(dynamic_cast<B_t*>(Aptr)); // check for nullptr
++i;
}
auto duration_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<US_t>(HRClk_t::now() - start_us);
std::cout << "\n " << std::setw(8)
<< digiComma(std::to_string(duration_us.count()))
<< " us" << std::endl;
}
{
Time_t start_us = HRClk_t::now();
for (auto Aptr : APtrVec) {
Aptr->foo();
}
auto duration_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<US_t>(HRClk_t::now() - start_us);
std::cout << "\n " << std::setw(8)
<< digiComma(std::to_string(duration_us.count()))
<< " us" << std::endl;
}
}
}; // class T523_t
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
std::cout << "\nargc: " << argc << std::endl;
for (int i = 0; i < argc; i += 1) std::cout << argv[i] << " ";
std::cout << std::endl;
setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
{ time_t t0 = std::time(nullptr); while(t0 == time(nullptr)) { /**/ }; }
Time_t start_us = HRClk_t::now();
int retVal = -1;
{
T523_t t523;
retVal = t523.exec();
}
auto duration_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<US_t>(HRClk_t::now() - start_us);
std::cout << "\n FINI " << (std::to_string(duration_us.count()))
<< " us" << std::endl;
return(retVal);
}
2017-08-31 更新
我怀疑你们中的许多人会反对在不使用结果的情况下执行动态转换。这是通过替换 testClass() 方法中的 for-auto 循环的一种可能方法：
for (auto Aptr : APtrVec)
{
if(i % 2) { C_t* c = dynamic_cast<C_t*>(Aptr); assert(c); c->foo(); }
else { B_t* b = dynamic_cast<B_t*>(Aptr); assert(b); b->foo(); }
++i;
}
有结果
void T523_t::testStruct()
0.443445
0.184873
void T523_t::testClass()
322,431 us
191,285 us
FINI 4156941 us
结束更新