我需要为 Java 应用程序设置一个真正轻量级的 HTTPS 服务器。这是一个模拟器，在我们的开发实验室中用于模拟野外设备接受的 HTTPS 连接。因为它纯粹是一个轻量级的开发工具，根本不以任何方式用于生产，我很乐意绕过认证和尽可能多的协商。
我计划在 Java 6 SE 中使用 HttpsServer 类，但我正在努力让它工作。作为测试客户端，我在 cygwin 命令行 (wget https://[address]:[port]) 中使用 wget，但 wget 报告它“无法建立 SSL 连接”。
如果我使用-d 选项运行wget 进行调试，它会告诉我“SSL 握手失败”。
我花了 30 分钟在谷歌上搜索，一切似乎都指向了相当无用的 Java 6 文档，该文档描述了这些方法，但实际上并没有谈论如何让该死的东西说话或提供任何示例代码.
谁能把我推向正确的方向？
【问题讨论】：
我最终使用的是这个：
try {
// Set up the socket address
InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), config.getHttpsPort());
// Initialise the HTTPS server
HttpsServer httpsServer = HttpsServer.create(address, 0);
SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
// Initialise the keystore
char[] password = "simulator".toCharArray();
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("lig.keystore");
ks.load(fis, password);
// Set up the key manager factory
KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
kmf.init(ks, password);
// Set up the trust manager factory
TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
tmf.init(ks);
// Set up the HTTPS context and parameters
sslContext.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);
httpsServer.setHttpsConfigurator(new HttpsConfigurator(sslContext) {
public void configure(HttpsParameters params) {
try {
// Initialise the SSL context
SSLContext c = SSLContext.getDefault();
SSLEngine engine = c.createSSLEngine();
params.setNeedClientAuth(false);
params.setCipherSuites(engine.getEnabledCipherSuites());
params.setProtocols(engine.getEnabledProtocols());
// Get the default parameters
SSLParameters defaultSSLParameters = c.getDefaultSSLParameters();
params.setSSLParameters(defaultSSLParameters);
} catch (Exception ex) {
ILogger log = new LoggerFactory().getLogger();
log.exception(ex);
log.error("Failed to create HTTPS port");
}
}
});
LigServer server = new LigServer(httpsServer);
joinableThreadList.add(server.getJoinableThread());
} catch (Exception exception) {
log.exception(exception);
log.error("Failed to create HTTPS server on port " + config.getHttpsPort() + " of localhost");
}
要生成密钥库：
$ keytool -genkeypair -keyalg RSA -alias self_signed -keypass simulator \
-keystore lig.keystore -storepass simulator
另见here。
可能 storepass 和 keypass 可能不同，在这种情况下 ks.load 和 kmf.init 必须分别使用 storepass 和 keypass。
【讨论】：
HttpsServer 默认无法正确处理 TLSv1.3 连接并导致 an infinite loop。 JDK 错误在here 中讨论。解决方法是设置系统属性：-Djdk.tls.acknowledgeCloseNotify=true
我为 HTTPS 服务器（不是基于套接字的）更新了您的答案。它可能有助于 CSRF 和 AJAX 调用。
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.lang.*;
import java.net.URL;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpsServer;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.*;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLParameters;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpExchange;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpHandler;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpServer;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpsExchange;
public class SimpleHTTPSServer {
public static class MyHandler implements HttpHandler {
@Override
public void handle(HttpExchange t) throws IOException {
String response = "This is the response";
HttpsExchange httpsExchange = (HttpsExchange) t;
t.getResponseHeaders().add("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
t.sendResponseHeaders(200, response.getBytes().length);
OutputStream os = t.getResponseBody();
os.write(response.getBytes());
os.close();
}
}
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
try {
// setup the socket address
InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(8000);
// initialise the HTTPS server
HttpsServer httpsServer = HttpsServer.create(address, 0);
SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
// initialise the keystore
char[] password = "password".toCharArray();
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("testkey.jks");
ks.load(fis, password);
// setup the key manager factory
KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
kmf.init(ks, password);
// setup the trust manager factory
TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
tmf.init(ks);
// setup the HTTPS context and parameters
sslContext.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);
httpsServer.setHttpsConfigurator(new HttpsConfigurator(sslContext) {
public void configure(HttpsParameters params) {
try {
// initialise the SSL context
SSLContext context = getSSLContext();
SSLEngine engine = context.createSSLEngine();
params.setNeedClientAuth(false);
params.setCipherSuites(engine.getEnabledCipherSuites());
params.setProtocols(engine.getEnabledProtocols());
// Set the SSL parameters
SSLParameters sslParameters = context.getSupportedSSLParameters();
params.setSSLParameters(sslParameters);
} catch (Exception ex) {
System.out.println("Failed to create HTTPS port");
}
}
});
httpsServer.createContext("/test", new MyHandler());
httpsServer.setExecutor(null); // creates a default executor
httpsServer.start();
} catch (Exception exception) {
System.out.println("Failed to create HTTPS server on port " + 8000 + " of localhost");
exception.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
创建自签名证书：
keytool -genkeypair -keyalg RSA -alias selfsigned -keystore testkey.jks -storepass password -validity 360 -keysize 2048
【讨论】：
setExecutor(null) 制作单线程服务器。要拥有多线程服务器，您需要提供适当的执行程序。例如：httpsServer.setExecutor(new ThreadPoolExecutor(4, 8, 30, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(100)));
response.getBytes().length而不是response.length()来调用t.sendResponseHeaders。它适用于示例中的字符串，但会因"Hëllö Wörld" 而中断。
context.getSupportedSSLParameters(); 应该换成 c.getSupportedSSLParameters(); 吧？
提醒其他人：上述解决方案中的com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpsServer 不是Java 标准的一部分。尽管在 Oracle/OpenJDK JVM 中它是 bundled，但它并未包含在所有 JVM 中，因此这不会在任何地方开箱即用。
有几个轻量级 HTTP 服务器可以嵌入到支持 HTTPS 并在任何 JVM 上运行的应用程序中。
其中一个是JLHTTP - The Java Lightweight HTTP Server，它是一个没有依赖关系的小型单文件服务器（或~50K/35K jar）。设置密钥库、SSLContext 等与上述类似，因为它也依赖于标准 JSSE 实现，或者您可以指定标准系统属性来配置 SSL。您可以查看FAQ 或代码及其文档了解详细信息。
免责声明：我是 JLHTTP 的作者。您可以自己检查并确定它是否适合您的需求。我希望你觉得它有用:-)
【讨论】：
ServerSocket
您可以使用 HttpsServer 所构建的类来更加轻量级：ServerSocket。
以下程序是一个非常简单的单线程服务器，侦听端口 8443。消息使用 TLS 加密，使用 ./keystore.jks 中的密钥：
public static void main(String... args) {
var address = new InetSocketAddress("0.0.0.0", 8443);
startSingleThreaded(address);
}
public static void startSingleThreaded(InetSocketAddress address) {
System.out.println("Start single-threaded server at " + address);
try (var serverSocket = getServerSocket(address)) {
var encoding = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
// This infinite loop is not CPU-intensive since method "accept" blocks
// until a client has made a connection to the socket
while (true) {
try (var socket = serverSocket.accept();
// Use the socket to read the client's request
var reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
socket.getInputStream(), encoding.name()));
// Writing to the output stream and then closing it sends
// data to the client
var writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
socket.getOutputStream(), encoding.name()))
) {
getHeaderLines(reader).forEach(System.out::println);
writer.write(getResponse(encoding));
writer.flush();
} catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Exception while handling connection");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("Could not create socket at " + address);
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private static ServerSocket getServerSocket(InetSocketAddress address)
throws Exception {
// Backlog is the maximum number of pending connections on the socket,
// 0 means that an implementation-specific default is used
int backlog = 0;
var keyStorePath = Path.of("./keystore.jks");
char[] keyStorePassword = "pass_for_self_signed_cert".toCharArray();
// Bind the socket to the given port and address
var serverSocket = getSslContext(keyStorePath, keyStorePassword)
.getServerSocketFactory()
.createServerSocket(address.getPort(), backlog, address.getAddress());
// We don't need the password anymore → Overwrite it
Arrays.fill(keyStorePassword, '0');
return serverSocket;
}
private static SSLContext getSslContext(Path keyStorePath, char[] keyStorePass)
throws Exception {
var keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
keyStore.load(new FileInputStream(keyStorePath.toFile()), keyStorePass);
var keyManagerFactory = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
keyManagerFactory.init(keyStore, keyStorePass);
var sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
// Null means using default implementations for TrustManager and SecureRandom
sslContext.init(keyManagerFactory.getKeyManagers(), null, null);
return sslContext;
}
private static String getResponse(Charset encoding) {
var body = "The server says hi ?\r\n";
var contentLength = body.getBytes(encoding).length;
return "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n" +
String.format("Content-Length: %d\r\n", contentLength) +
String.format("Content-Type: text/plain; charset=%s\r\n",
encoding.displayName()) +
// An empty line marks the end of the response's header
"\r\n" +
body;
}
private static List<String> getHeaderLines(BufferedReader reader)
throws IOException {
var lines = new ArrayList<String>();
var line = reader.readLine();
// An empty line marks the end of the request's header
while (!line.isEmpty()) {
lines.add(line);
line = reader.readLine();
}
return lines;
}
Here's a project 使用这种基于套接字的方法。
要为服务器使用多个线程，您可以使用thread pool：
public static void startMultiThreaded(InetSocketAddress address) {
try (var serverSocket = getServerSocket(address)) {
System.out.println("Started multi-threaded server at " + address);
// A cached thread pool with a limited number of threads
var threadPool = newCachedThreadPool(8);
var encoding = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
// This infinite loop is not CPU-intensive since method "accept" blocks
// until a client has made a connection to the socket
while (true) {
try {
var socket = serverSocket.accept();
// Create a response to the request on a separate thread to
// handle multiple requests simultaneously
threadPool.submit(() -> {
try ( // Use the socket to read the client's request
var reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
socket.getInputStream(), encoding.name()));
// Writing to the output stream and then closing it
// sends data to the client
var writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
socket.getOutputStream(), encoding.name()))
) {
getHeaderLines(reader).forEach(System.out::println);
writer.write(getResponse(encoding));
writer.flush();
// We're done with the connection → Close the socket
socket.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("Exception while creating response");
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
} catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Exception while handling connection");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("Could not create socket at " + address);
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(int maximumNumberOfThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, maximumNumberOfThreads,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<>());
}
使用keytool创建自签名证书（您可以从Let's Encrypt免费获得正确的证书）：
keytool -genkeypair -keyalg RSA -alias selfsigned -keystore keystore.jks \
-storepass pass_for_self_signed_cert \
-dname "CN=localhost, OU=Developers, O=Bull Bytes, L=Linz, C=AT"
启动服务器后，用curl连接它：
curl -k https://localhost:8443
这将从服务器获取消息：
服务器打招呼?
检查 curl 和您的服务器建立的协议和密码套件
curl -kv https://localhost:8443
使用 JDK 13 和 curl 7.66.0，这产生了
使用 TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 的 SSL 连接
有关该主题的更多信息，请参阅 Elliotte Rusty Harold 的 Java Network Programming。
【讨论】：
text/plain 响应，那么您是否有任何具体的想法？
虽然这个问题真的很老了，但有人提到我这个话题并问是否可以简化。大多数答案都很好地展示了如何使用 sun 设置简单的 https 服务器，但我想提供一个替代方案，希望它更容易一些。
对于此设置，我假设您已经拥有密钥库和信任库。
其余端点：
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpExchange;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpHandler;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
public class HelloWorldController implements HttpHandler {
@Override
public void handle(HttpExchange exchange) throws IOException {
try (OutputStream responseBody = exchange.getResponseBody()) {
exchange.getResponseHeaders().set("Content-Type", "text/plain");
String payload = "Hello";
exchange.sendResponseHeaders(200, payload.length());
responseBody.write(payload.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
}
}
}
服务器配置：
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpsConfigurator;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpsParameters;
import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpsServer;
import nl.altindag.server.controller.HelloWorldController;
import nl.altindag.ssl.SSLFactory;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
SSLFactory sslFactory = SSLFactory.builder()
.withIdentityMaterial("keystore.jks", "secret".toCharArray())
.withTrustMaterial("truststore.jks", "secret".toCharArray())
.build();
InetSocketAddress socketAddress = new InetSocketAddress(8443);
HttpsServer httpsServer = HttpsServer.create(socketAddress, 0);
httpsServer.setHttpsConfigurator(new HttpsConfigurator(sslFactory.getSslContext()) {
@Override
public void configure(HttpsParameters params) {
params.setSSLParameters(sslFactory.getSslParameters());
}
});
httpsServer.createContext("/api/hello", new HelloWorldController());
httpsServer.setExecutor(Executors.newCachedThreadPool());
httpsServer.start();
}
}
我需要在这里添加一些免责声明...我使用来自Github - SSLContext-Kickstart 库的 SSLFactory 类来轻松构建 SSLContext。它由我维护。您不需要使用它，因为其他人提供了一种仅使用普通 java 构建它的方法。
【讨论】：