Requests模块是第三方模块，需要预先安装，requests模块在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得python进行网络请求时，变得更加简洁和人性化。
1.安装
非常简单，打开cmd，直接pip安装,或pycharm 中搜索 requests 安装即可.
pip install requests
2）发送请求的简洁
示例代码：获取一个网页（个人github）
import requests
r = requests.get(\'https://github.com/Ranxf\') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
r1 = requests.get(url=\'http://dict.baidu.com/s\', params={\'wd\': \'python\'}) # 带参数的get请求
我们就可以使用该方式使用以下各种方法
1 requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’) # GET请求 2 requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”) # POST请求 3 requests.put(“http://httpbin.org/put”) # PUT请求 4 requests.delete(“http://httpbin.org/delete”) # DELETE请求 5 requests.head(“http://httpbin.org/get”) # HEAD请求 6 requests.options(“http://httpbin.org/get” ) # OPTIONS请求
3）为url传递参数
>>> url_params = {\'key\':\'value\'} # 字典传递参数，如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中
>>> r = requests.get(\'your url\',params = url_params)
>>> print(r.url)
your url?key=value
4）响应的内容
r.encoding #获取当前的编码 r.encoding = \'utf-8\' #设置编码 r.text #以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体，会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。 r.content #以字节形式（二进制）返回。字节方式的响应体，会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。 r.headers #以字典对象存储服务器响应头，但是这个字典比较特殊，字典键不区分大小写，若键不存在则返回None r.status_code #响应状态码 r.raw #返回原始响应体，也就是 urllib 的 response 对象，使用 r.raw.read() r.ok # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功 #*特殊方法*# r.json() #Requests中内置的JSON解码器，以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的，不然解析出错会抛异常 r.raise_for_status() #失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常
post发送json请求：
1 import requests
2 import json
3
4 r = requests.post(\'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint\', data=json.dumps({\'some\': \'data\'}))
5 print(r.json())
5）定制头和cookie信息
header = {\'user-agent\': \'my-app/0.0.1\'\'}
cookie = {\'key\':\'value\'}
r = requests.get/post(\'your url\',headers=header,cookies=cookie)
data = {\'some\': \'data\'}
headers = {\'content-type\': \'application/json\',
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0\'}
r = requests.post(\'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint\', data=data, headers=headers)
print(r.text)
6）响应状态码
使用requests方法后，会返回一个response对象，其存储了服务器响应的内容，如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例：当你访问 r.text 之时，会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码，并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。
1 r = requests.get(\'http://www.itwhy.org\')
2 print(r.text, \'\n{}\n\'.format(\'*\'*79), r.encoding)
3 r.encoding = \'GBK\'
4 print(r.text, \'\n{}\n\'.format(\'*\'*79), r.encoding)
示例代码：
1 import requests
2
3 r = requests.get(\'https://github.com/Ranxf\') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
4 print(r.status_code) # 获取返回状态
5 r1 = requests.get(url=\'http://dict.baidu.com/s\', params={\'wd\': \'python\'}) # 带参数的get请求
6 print(r1.url)
7 print(r1.text) # 打印解码后的返回数据
运行结果：
/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py 200 http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python ………… Process finished with exit code 0
r.status_code #如果不是200，可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 抛出异常
7）响应
r.headers #返回字典类型,头信息 r.requests.headers #返回发送到服务器的头信息 r.cookies #返回cookie r.history #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向
8）超时
r = requests.get(\'url\',timeout=1) #设置秒数超时，仅对于连接有效
9)会话对象，能够跨请求保持某些参数
s = requests.Session()
s.auth = (\'auth\',\'passwd\')
s.headers = {\'key\':\'value\'}
r = s.get(\'url\')
r1 = s.get(\'url1\')
10）代理
proxies = {\'http\':\'ip1\',\'https\':\'ip2\' }
requests.get(\'url\',proxies=proxies)
11
# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get(\'https://github.com/timeline.json\')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")
# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示
#URL传递参数
payload = {\'keyword\': \'香港\', \'salecityid\': \'2\'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload)
print（r.url） #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港
#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get(\'https://github.com/timeline.json\')
print （r.encoding）
#json处理
r = requests.get(\'https://github.com/timeline.json\')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json
# 定制请求头
url = \'http://m.ctrip.com\'
headers = {\'User-Agent\' : \'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19\'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)
#复杂post请求
url = \'http://m.ctrip.com\'
payload = {\'some\': \'data\'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下
# post多部分编码文件
url = \'http://m.ctrip.com\'
files = {\'file\': open(\'report.xls\', \'rb\')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
# 响应状态码
r = requests.get(\'http://m.ctrip.com\')
print(r.status_code)
# 响应头
r = requests.get(\'http://m.ctrip.com\')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers[\'Content-Type\'])
print (r.headers.get(\'content-type\')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
# Cookies
url = \'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url\'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies[\'example_cookie_name\'] #读取cookies
url = \'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies\'
cookies = dict(cookies_are=\'working\')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies
#设置超时时间
r = requests.get(\'http://m.ctrip.com\', timeout=0.001)
#设置访问代理
proxies = {
"http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
"https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
}
r = requests.get(\'http://m.ctrip.com\', proxies=proxies)
#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}
3、示例代码
GET请求
1 # 1、无参数实例
2
3 import requests
4
5 ret = requests.get(\'https://github.com/timeline.json\')
6
7 print(ret.url)
8 print(ret.text)
9
10
11
12 # 2、有参数实例
13
14 import requests
15
16 payload = {\'key1\': \'value1\', \'key2\': \'value2\'}
17 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
18
19 print(ret.url)
20 print(ret.text)
POST请求
# 1、基本POST实例
import requests
payload = {\'key1\': \'value1\', \'key2\': \'value2\'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print(ret.text)
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
import requests
import json
url = \'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint\'
payload = {\'some\': \'data\'}
headers = {\'content-type\': \'application/json\'}
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)
请求参数
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
"""Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``\'name\': file-like-objects`` (or ``{\'name\': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``(\'filename\', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``(\'filename\', fileobj, \'content_type\')``
or a 4-tuple ``(\'filename\', fileobj, \'content_type\', custom_headers)``, where ``\'content-type\'`` is a string
defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
to add for the file.
:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
:param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
:type timeout: float or tuple
:param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
:type allow_redirects: bool
:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
:param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
:param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (\'cert\', \'key\') pair.
:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
:rtype: requests.Response
Usage::
>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.request(\'GET\', \'http://httpbin.org/get\')
<Response [200]>
"""
参数列表
请求参数
def param_method_url():
# requests.request(method=\'get\', url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\')
# requests.request(method=\'post\', url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\')
pass
def param_param():
# - 可以是字典
# - 可以是字符串
# - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
# requests.request(method=\'get\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# params={\'k1\': \'v1\', \'k2\': \'水电费\'})
# requests.request(method=\'get\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
# requests.request(method=\'get\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding=\'utf8\'))
# 错误
# requests.request(method=\'get\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding=\'utf8\'))
pass
def param_data():
# 可以是字典
# 可以是字符串
# 可以是字节
# 可以是文件对象
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# data={\'k1\': \'v1\', \'k2\': \'水电费\'})
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
# )
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
# headers={\'Content-Type\': \'application/x-www-form-urlencoded\'}
# )
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# data=open(\'data_file.py\', mode=\'r\', encoding=\'utf-8\'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
# headers={\'Content-Type\': \'application/x-www-form-urlencoded\'}
# )
pass
def param_json():
# 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
# 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {\'Content-Type\': \'application/json\'}
requests.request(method=\'POST\',
url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
json={\'k1\': \'v1\', \'k2\': \'水电费\'})
def param_headers():
# 发送请求头到服务器端
requests.request(method=\'POST\',
url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
json={\'k1\': \'v1\', \'k2\': \'水电费\'},
headers={\'Content-Type\': \'application/x-www-form-urlencoded\'}
)
def param_cookies():
# 发送Cookie到服务器端
requests.request(method=\'POST\',
url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
data={\'k1\': \'v1\', \'k2\': \'v2\'},
cookies={\'cook1\': \'value1\'},
)
# 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
from http.cookiejar import Cookie
obj = CookieJar()
obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name=\'c1\', value=\'v1\', port=None, domain=\'\', path=\'/\', secure=False, expires=None,
discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={\'HttpOnly\': None}, rfc2109=False,
port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
)
requests.request(method=\'POST\',
url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
data={\'k1\': \'v1\', \'k2\': \'v2\'},
cookies=obj)
def param_files():
# 发送文件
# file_dict = {
# \'f1\': open(\'readme\', \'rb\')
# }
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# \'f1\': (\'test.txt\', open(\'readme\', \'rb\'))
# }
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# \'f1\': (\'test.txt\', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
# }
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# \'f1\': (\'test.txt\', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", \'application/text\', {\'k1\': \'0\'})
# }
# requests.request(method=\'POST\',
# url=\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\',
# files=file_dict)
pass
def param_auth():
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
ret = requests.get(\'https://api.github.com/user\', auth=HTTPBasicAuth(\'wupeiqi\', \'sdfasdfasdf\'))
print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get(\'http://192.168.1.1\',
# auth=HTTPBasicAuth(\'admin\', \'admin\'))
# ret.encoding = \'gbk\'
# print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get(\'http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass\', auth=HTTPDigestAuth(\'user\', \'pass\'))
# print(ret)
#
def param_timeout():
# ret = requests.get(\'http://google.com/\', timeout=1)
# print(ret)
# ret = requests.get(\'http://google.com/\', timeout=(5, 1))
# print(ret)
pass
def param_allow_redirects():
ret = requests.get(\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\', allow_redirects=False)
print(ret.text)
def param_proxies():
# proxies = {
# "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
# "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
# }
# proxies = {\'http://10.20.1.128\': \'http://10.10.1.10:5323\'}
# ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
# print(ret.headers)
# from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
#
# proxyDict = {
# \'http\': \'77.75.105.165\',
# \'https\': \'77.75.105.165\'
# }
# auth = HTTPProxyAuth(\'username\', \'mypassword\')
#
# r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
# print(r.text)
pass
def param_stream():
ret = requests.get(\'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/\', stream=True)
print(ret.content)
ret.close()
# from contextlib import closing
# with closing(requests.get(\'http://httpbin.org/get\', stream=True)) as r:
# # 在此处理响应。
# for i in r.iter_content():
# print(i)
def requests_session():
import requests
session = requests.Session()
### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
\'phone\': "8615131255089",
\'password\': "xxxxxx",
\'oneMonth\': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
)
print(i3.text)
json请求：
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
import json
class url_request():
def __init__(self):
\'\'\' init \'\'\'
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
heard = {\'Content-Type\': \'application/json\'}
payload = {\'CountryName\': \'中国\',
\'ProvinceName\': \'四川省\',
\'L1CityName\': \'chengdu\',
\'L2CityName\': \'yibing\',
\'TownName\': \'\',
\'Longitude\': \'107.33393\',
\'Latitude\': \'33.157131\',
\'Language\': \'CN\'}
r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
data = r.json()
if r.status_code!=200:
print(\'LBSLocateCity API Error\' + str(r.status_code))
print(data[\'CityEntities\'][0][\'CityID\']) # 打印返回json中的某个key的value
print(data[\'ResponseStatus\'][\'Ack\'])
print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False)) # 树形打印json，ensure_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicode
Xml请求：
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
class url_request():
def __init__(self):
"""init"""
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
heards = {\'Content-type\': \'text/xml\'}
XML = \'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"><soap:Body><Request xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"><jme><JobClassFullName>WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS</JobClassFullName><Action>RUN</Action><Param>1</Param><HostIP>127.0.0.1</HostIP><JobInfo>1</JobInfo><NeedParallel>false</NeedParallel></jme></Request></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>\'
url = \'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx\'
r = requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML)
data = r.text
print(data)
状态异常处理
import requests
URL = \'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php\' # 淘宝IP地址库API
try:
r = requests.get(URL, params={\'ip\': \'8.8.8.8\'}, timeout=1)
r.raise_for_status() # 如果响应状态码不是 200，就主动抛出异常
except requests.RequestException as e:
print(e)
else:
result = r.json()
print(type(result), result, sep=\'\n\')
上传文件
使用request模块，也可以上传文件，文件的类型会自动进行处理：
import requests
url = \'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload\'
files = {\'file\': open(\'/home/rxf/test.jpg\', \'rb\')}
#files = {\'file\': (\'report.jpg\', open(\'/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg\', \'rb\'))} #显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)
request更加方便的是，可以把字符串当作文件进行上传：
import requests
url = \'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload\'
files = {\'file\': (\'test.txt\', b\'Hello Requests.\')} #必需显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)
6) 身份验证
基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth)
import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth r = requests.get(\'https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd\', auth=HTTPBasicAuth(\'user\', \'passwd\')) # r = requests.get(\'https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd\', auth=(\'user\', \'passwd\')) # 简写 print(r.json())
另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证，Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的:
requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth(\'user\', \'pass\')
Cookies与会话对象
如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie，你可以快速访问它们：
import requests r = requests.get(\'http://www.google.com.hk/\') print(r.cookies[\'NID\']) print(tuple(r.cookies))
要想发送你的cookies到服务器，可以使用 cookies 参数：
import requests
url = \'http://httpbin.org/cookies\'
cookies = {\'testCookies_1\': \'Hello_Python3\', \'testCookies_2\': \'Hello_Requests\'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@，冒号，分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())
会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数，最方便的是在同一个Session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies，且这些都是自动处理的，甚是方便。
下面就来一个真正的实例，如下是快盘签到脚本：
import requests
headers = {\'Accept\': \'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8\',
\'Accept-Encoding\': \'gzip, deflate, compress\',
\'Accept-Language\': \'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3\',
\'Cache-Control\': \'max-age=0\',
\'Connection\': \'keep-alive\',
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0\'}
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers)
# s.auth = (\'superuser\', \'123\')
s.get(\'https://www.kuaipan.cn/account_login.htm\')
_URL = \'http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php\'
s.post(_URL, params={\'ac\':\'account\', \'op\':\'login\'},
data={\'username\':\'****@foxmail.com\', \'userpwd\':\'********\', \'isajax\':\'yes\'})
r = s.get(_URL, params={\'ac\':\'zone\', \'op\':\'taskdetail\'})
print(r.json())
s.get(_URL, params={\'ac\':\'common\', \'op\':\'usersign\'})
requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例
这是一个基本的文件保存操作，但这里有几个值得注意的问题：
1.安装requests包，命令行输入pip install requests即可自动安装。很多人推荐使用requests，自带的urllib.request也可以抓取网页源码
2.open方法encoding参数设为utf-8，否则保存的文件会出现乱码。
3.如果直接在cmd中输出抓取的内容，会提示各种编码错误，所以保存到文件查看。
4.with open方法是更好的写法，可以自动操作完毕后释放资源
#! /urs/bin/python3
import requests
\'\'\'requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例\'\'\'
html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open(\'test.txt\', \'w\', encoding=\'utf-8\') as f:
f.write(html.text)
\'\'\'读取一个txt文件，每次读取一行，并保存到另一个txt文件中的示例\'\'\'
ff = open(\'testt.txt\', \'w\', encoding=\'utf-8\')
with open(\'test.txt\', encoding="utf-8") as f:
for line in f:
ff.write(line)
ff.close()
因为在命令行中打印每次读取一行的数据，中文会出现编码错误，所以每次读取一行并保存到另一个文件，这样来测试读取是否正常。（注意open的时候制定encoding编码方式）
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
\'phone\': "8615131255089",
\'password\': "xxooxxoo",
\'oneMonth\': ""
},
cookies=i1_cookies
)
# ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）
gpsd = i1_cookies[\'gpsd\']
i3 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
cookies={\'gpsd\': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)
"""
# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
\'phone\': "8615131255089",
\'password\': "xxooxxoo",
\'oneMonth\': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)
"""
抽屉新热榜
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
# ############## 方式一 ##############
#
# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = requests.get(\'https://github.com/login\')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features=\'lxml\')
# tag = soup1.find(name=\'input\', attrs={\'name\': \'authenticity_token\'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get(\'value\')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form_data = {
# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
# "utf8": "",
# "commit": "Sign in",
# "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
# \'password\': \'xxoo\'
# }
#
# i2 = requests.post(\'https://github.com/session\', data=form_data, cookies=c1)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = requests.get(\'https://github.com/settings/repositories\', cookies=c1)
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features=\'lxml\')
# list_group = soup3.find(name=\'div\', class_=\'listgroup\')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
# if isinstance(child, Tag):
# project_tag = child.find(name=\'a\', class_=\'mr-1\')
# size_tag = child.find(name=\'small\')
# temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get(\'href\'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
# print(temp)
# ############## 方式二 ##############
# session = requests.Session()
# # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = session.get(\'https://github.com/login\')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features=\'lxml\')
# tag = soup1.find(name=\'input\', attrs={\'name\': \'authenticity_token\'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get(\'value\')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form_data = {
# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
# "utf8": "",
# "commit": "Sign in",
# "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
# \'password\': \'xxoo\'
# }
#
# i2 = session.post(\'https://github.com/session\', data=form_data)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = session.get(\'https://github.com/settings/repositories\')
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features=\'lxml\')
# list_group = soup3.find(name=\'div\', class_=\'listgroup\')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
# if isinstance(child, Tag):
# project_tag = child.find(name=\'a\', class_=\'mr-1\')
# size_tag = child.find(name=\'small\')
# temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get(\'href\'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
# print(temp)
github
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(
url=\'https://www.zhihu.com/#signin\',
headers={
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36\',
}
)
soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, \'lxml\')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name=\'input\', attrs={\'name\': \'_xsrf\'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get(\'value\')
current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
url=\'https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif\',
params={\'r\': current_time, \'type\': \'login\'},
headers={
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36\',
})
with open(\'zhihu.gif\', \'wb\') as f:
f.write(i2.content)
captcha = input(\'请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：\')
form_data = {
"_xsrf": xsrf,
\'password\': \'xxooxxoo\',
"captcha": \'captcha\',
\'email\': \'424662508@qq.com\'
}
i3 = session.post(
url=\'https://www.zhihu.com/login/email\',
data=form_data,
headers={
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36\',
}
)
i4 = session.get(
url=\'https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile\',
headers={
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36\',
}
)
soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, \'lxml\')
tag = soup4.find(id=\'rename-section\')
nick_name = tag.find(\'span\',class_=\'name\').string
print(nick_name)
知乎
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re
import json
import base64
import rsa
import requests
def js_encrypt(text):
b64der = \'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB\'
der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, \'utf8\'), pk)
value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b\'\n\', b\'\')
value = value.decode(\'utf8\')
return value
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(\'https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin\')
rep = re.compile("\'VerificationToken\': \'(.*)\'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)
form_data = {
\'input1\': js_encrypt(\'wptawy\'),
\'input2\': js_encrypt(\'asdfasdf\'),
\'remember\': False
}
i2 = session.post(url=\'https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin\',
data=json.dumps(form_data),
headers={
\'Content-Type\': \'application/json; charset=UTF-8\',
\'X-Requested-With\': \'XMLHttpRequest\',
\'VerificationToken\': verification_token}
)
i3 = session.get(url=\'https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx\')
print(i3.text)
博客园
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
# 第一步：访问登陆页,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code
# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
# 2、请求方法:GET
# 3、请求头:
# User-agent
r1 = requests.get(\'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html\',
headers={
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36\',
},
)
X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = \'(.*?)\'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = \'(.*?)\'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code)
# print(r1.cookies.get_dict())
# 第二步：登陆
# 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json
# 2、请求方法:POST
# 3、请求头:
# cookie
# User-agent
# Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
# X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984
# X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78
# X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest
# 4、请求体：
# isValidate:true
# username:15131252215
# password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d
# request_form_verifyCode:\'\'
# submit:\'\'
r2 = requests.post(
\'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json\',
headers={
\'User-Agent\': \'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36\',
\'Referer\': \'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html\',
\'X-Anit-Forge-Code\': X_Anti_Forge_Code,
\'X-Anit-Forge-Token\': X_Anti_Forge_Token,
\'X-Requested-With\': \'XMLHttpRequest\'
},
data={
"isValidate": True,
\'username\': \'15131255089\',
\'password\': \'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d\',
\'request_form_verifyCode\': \'\',
\'submit\': \'\'
},
cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()
)
print(r2.text)
拉勾网