python爬虫之scrapy框架

　　Scrapy是一个为了爬取网站数据，提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架。 其可以应用在数据挖掘，信息处理或存储历史数据等一系列的程序中。
其最初是为了页面抓取 (更确切来说, 网络抓取 )所设计的， 也可以应用在获取API所返回的数据(例如 Amazon Associates Web Services ) 或者通用的网络爬虫。Scrapy用途广泛，可以用于数据挖掘、监测和自动化测试。

Scrapy 使用了 Twisted异步网络库来处理网络通讯。整体架构大致如下：

注：详细参考官方

Scrapy主要包括了以下组件：

• 引擎(Scrapy)
  用来处理整个系统的数据流处理, 触发事务(框架核心)
• 调度器(Scheduler)
  用来接受引擎发过来的请求, 压入队列中, 并在引擎再次请求的时候返回. 可以想像成一个URL（抓取网页的网址或者说是链接）的优先队列, 由它来决定下一个要抓取的网址是什么, 同时去除重复的网址
• 下载器(Downloader)
  用于下载网页内容, 并将网页内容返回给蜘蛛(Scrapy下载器是建立在twisted这个高效的异步模型上的)
• 爬虫(Spiders)
  爬虫是主要干活的, 用于从特定的网页中提取自己需要的信息, 即所谓的实体(Item)。用户也可以从中提取出链接,让Scrapy继续抓取下一个页面
• 项目管道(Pipeline)
  负责处理爬虫从网页中抽取的实体，主要的功能是持久化实体、验证实体的有效性、清除不需要的信息。当页面被爬虫解析后，将被发送到项目管道，并经过几个特定的次序处理数据。
• 下载器中间件(Downloader Middlewares)
  位于Scrapy引擎和下载器之间的框架，主要是处理Scrapy引擎与下载器之间的请求及响应。
• 爬虫中间件(Spider Middlewares)
  介于Scrapy引擎和爬虫之间的框架，主要工作是处理蜘蛛的响应输入和请求输出。

 Scrapy运行流程大概如下：

1. 引擎从调度器中取出一个链接(URL)用于接下来的抓取
2. 引擎把URL封装成一个请求(Request)传给下载器
3. 下载器把资源下载下来，并封装成应答包(Response)
4. 爬虫解析Response
5. 解析出实体（Item）,则交给实体管道进行进一步的处理
6. 解析出的是链接（URL）,则把URL交给调度器等待抓取

一、安装：

linux系统

pip3 install scrapy

Windows系统

#scrapy 的一些依赖：pywin32、pyOpenSSL、Twisted、lxml 、zope.interface。（安装的时候，注意看报错信息）

#安装wheel
pip3 install wheel-i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com

#安装这个依赖包，才有安装上Twisted
pip3 install Incremental -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com

#再pip3安装Twisted，但是还是安装不成功，会报错。（解决其它依赖问题）
pip3 install Twisted -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com

#再进入软件存放目录，再安装就可以成功啦。
pip3 install Twisted-17.1.0-cp35-cp35m-win32.whl

#安装scrapy
pip3 install scrapy -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com

#pywin32
下载：https://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/files/

检查pywin32是否安装成功。

C:\Users\Administrator>python
Python 3.5.2 (v3.5.2:4def2a2901a5, Jun 25 2016, 22:01:18) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> import win32api
>>> import win32con
>>> win32api.MessageBox(win32con.NULL, \'Python 你好！\', \'你好\', win32con.MB_OK)

二、基本使用

1、基本命令

1. scrapy startproject 项目名称
   - 在当前目录中创建中创建一个项目文件（类似于Django）
 
2. scrapy genspider [-t template] <name> <domain>
   - 创建爬虫应用
   如：
      scrapy gensipider -t basic oldboy oldboy.com
      scrapy gensipider -t xmlfeed autohome autohome.com.cn
   PS:
      查看所有命令：scrapy gensipider -l
      查看模板命令：scrapy gensipider -d 模板名称
 
3. scrapy list
   - 展示爬虫应用列表
 
4. scrapy crawl 爬虫应用名称
   - 运行单独爬虫应用
   如:
      scrapy crawl xiaohuar --nolog

2.项目结构以及爬虫应用简介

project_name/
   scrapy.cfg
   project_name/
       __init__.py
       items.py
       pipelines.py
       settings.py
       spiders/
           __init__.py
           爬虫1.py
           爬虫2.py
           爬虫3.py

文件说明：
scrapy.cfg  项目的主配置信息。（真正爬虫相关的配置信息在settings.py文件中）
items.py    设置数据存储模板，用于结构化数据，如：Django的Model
pipelines    数据处理行为，如：一般结构化的数据持久化
settings.py 配置文件，如：递归的层数、并发数，延迟下载等
spiders      爬虫目录，如：创建文件，编写爬虫规则

注意：一般创建爬虫文件时，以网站域名命名

import scrapy
 
class XiaoHuarSpider(scrapy.spiders.Spider):
    name = "xiaohuar"                            # 爬虫名称 *****
    allowed_domains = ["xiaohuar.com"]  # 允许的域名
    start_urls = [
        "http://www.xiaohuar.com/hua/",   # 其实URL
    ]
 
    def parse(self, response):
        # 访问起始URL并获取结果后的回调函数

注：如果response.text为空，是由于Windows编码问题

import sys
import io
sys.stdout=io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding=\'gb18030\')

windows编码问题

 3.找标签方法

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
import sys
import io
from scrapy.http import Request
from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector
from ..items import ChoutiItem


sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding=\'gb18030\')

class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "chouti"
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]
    start_urls = [\'http://dig.chouti.com/\']

    visited_urls =set()
    # def start_requests(self):
    #     for url in self.start_urls:
    #         yield Request(url,callback=self.parse)

    def parse(self, response):
        # content = str(response.body,encoding=\'utf-8\')
        # 找到文档中所有A标签
        # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a\') # 标签对象列表
        # for i in hxs:
        #     print(i) # 标签对象

        # 对象转换为字符串
        # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]\').extract()  # 标签对象列表
        # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]\')  # 标签对象列表
        # for obj in hxs:
        #     a = obj.xpath(\'.//a[@class="show-content"]/text()\').extract_first()
        #     print(a.strip())
        # 选择器：
        """
        //   表示子孙中
        .//  当前对象的子孙中
        /    儿子
        /div 儿子中的div标签
        /div[@id="i1"]  #儿子中的div标签且id=i1
        /div[@id="i1"]  #儿子中的div标签且id=i1
        obj.extract()         # 列表中的每一个对象转换字符串 =》 []
        obj.extract_first()   # 列表中的每一个对象转换字符串 => 列表第一个元素
        //div/text()    获取某个标签的文本

       """

        # 获取当前页的所有页码

        # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a/text()\')
        # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a/@href\').extract()
        # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[starts-with(@href, "/all/hot/recent/")]/@href\').extract()

        # response
        hxs1 = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]\')  # 标签对象列表
        for obj in hxs1:
            title = obj.xpath(\'.//a[@class="show-content"]/text()\').extract_first().strip()
            href =  obj.xpath(\'.//a[@class="show-content"]/@href\').extract_first().strip()
            item_obj = ChoutiItem(title=title,href=href)

            # 将item对象传递给pipeline
            yield item_obj


        hxs2 = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href\').extract()
        for url in hxs2:
            md5_url = self.md5(url)
            if md5_url in self.visited_urls:
                pass
            else:
                self.visited_urls.add(md5_url)
                url = "http://dig.chouti.com%s" %url
                # 将新要访问的url添加到调度器
                yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse)
        # a/@href  获取属性
        # //a[starts-with(@href, "/all/hot/recent/")]/@href\'  已xx开始
        # //a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]          正则
        # yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse)          # 将新要访问的url添加到调度器
        # 重写start_requests，指定最开始处理请求的方法

    # def show(self,response):
    #     print(response.text)

    def md5(self,url):
        import hashlib
        obj = hashlib.md5()
        obj.update(bytes(url,encoding=\'utf-8\'))
        return obj.hexdigest()

4、小试牛刀

import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
 
 
class DigSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "dig"
 
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]
 
    # 起始URL
    start_urls = [
        \'http://dig.chouti.com/\',
    ]
 
    has_request_set = {}
 
    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.url)
 
        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
        page_list = hxs.select(\'//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href\').extract()
        for page in page_list:
            page_url = \'http://dig.chouti.com%s\' % page
            key = self.md5(page_url)
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = page_url
                obj = Request(url=page_url, method=\'GET\', callback=self.parse)
                yield obj
 
    @staticmethod
    def md5(val):
        import hashlib
        ha = hashlib.md5()
        ha.update(bytes(val, encoding=\'utf-8\'))
        key = ha.hexdigest()
        return key

执行此爬虫文件，则在终端进入项目目录执行如下命令：

scrapy crawl dig --nolog

对于上述代码重要之处在于：

• Request是一个封装用户请求的类，在回调函数中yield该对象表示继续访问
• HtmlXpathSelector用于结构化HTML代码并提供选择器功能

4、选择器

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
html = """<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head lang="en">
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <ul>
            <li class="item-"><a id=\'i1\' href="link.html">first item</a></li>
            <li class="item-0"><a id=\'i2\' href="llink.html">first item</a></li>
            <li class="item-1"><a href="llink2.html">second item<span>vv</span></a></li>
        </ul>
        <div><a href="llink2.html">second item</a></div>
    </body>
</html>
"""
response = HtmlResponse(url=\'http://example.com\', body=html,encoding=\'utf-8\')
# hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a\')  #找到a标签
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[2]\') #找到列表中的第2个
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[@id]\') #找到有a标签的属性
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[@id="i1"]\') #找到ID=他的值
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[@href="link.html"][@id="i1"]\')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[contains(@href, "link")]\')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]\')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]\') #正测表达式
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()\').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href\').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'/html/body/ul/li/a/@href\').extract() 
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//body/ul/li/a/@href\').extract_first()
# print(hxs)
 
# ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath(\'//body/ul/li\')
# for item in ul_list:
#     v = item.xpath(\'./a/span\')
#     # 或
#     # v = item.xpath(\'a/span\')
#     # 或
#     # v = item.xpath(\'*/a/span\')
#     print(v)

示例：自动登陆抽屉并点赞

1. 发送一个GET请求,抽屉
获取cookie

2. 用户密码POST登录：携带上一次cookie
返回值：666

3. 为所欲为，携带cookie

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy import FormRequest


class ChouTiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "chouti"
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]

    cookie_dict = {}
    has_request_set = {}

    def start_requests(self):
        url = \'http://dig.chouti.com/\'
        # return [Request(url=url, callback=self.login)]
        yield Request(url=url, callback=self.login)

    def login(self, response):
        cookie_jar = CookieJar()
        cookie_jar.extract_cookies(response, response.request)
        for k, v in cookie_jar._cookies.items():
            for i, j in v.items():
                for m, n in j.items():
                    self.cookie_dict[m] = n.value

        req = Request(
            url=\'http://dig.chouti.com/login\',
            method=\'POST\',
            headers={\'Content-Type\': \'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8\'},
            body=\'phone=8615131255089&password=pppppppp&oneMonth=1\',
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            callback=self.check_login
        )
        yield req

    def check_login(self, response):
        req = Request(
            url=\'http://dig.chouti.com/\',
            method=\'GET\',
            callback=self.show,
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            dont_filter=True
        )
        yield req

    def show(self, response):
        # print(response)
        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
        news_list = hxs.select(\'//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]\')
        for new in news_list:
            # temp = new.xpath(\'div/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid\').extract()
            link_id = new.xpath(\'*/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid\').extract_first()
            yield Request(
                url=\'http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s\' %(link_id,),
                method=\'POST\',
                cookies=self.cookie_dict,
                callback=self.do_favor
            )

        page_list = hxs.select(\'//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href\').extract()
        for page in page_list:

            page_url = \'http://dig.chouti.com%s\' % page
            import hashlib
            hash = hashlib.md5()
            hash.update(bytes(page_url,encoding=\'utf-8\'))
            key = hash.hexdigest()
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = page_url
                yield Request(
                    url=page_url,
                    method=\'GET\',
                    callback=self.show
                )

    def do_favor(self, response):
        print(response.text)

注意：settings.py中设置DEPTH_LIMIT = 1来指定“递归”的层数。

Request() 的 body中，必须填这种格式的数据：\'k1=v1&k2=v2\'

如果要把字典转换成，这种格式\'k1=v1&k2=v2\'，需要使用urllib模块。

>>> import urllib.parse
>>> urllib.parse.urlencode({\'k1\':\'v1\',\'k2\':\'v2\'})
\'k1=v1&k2=v2\'

5. 格式化处理

 

上述实例只是简单的处理，所以在parse方法中直接处理。如果对于想要获取更多的数据处理，则可以利用Scrapy的items将数据格式化，然后统一交由pipelines来处理。

spiders/xiahuar.py

import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy import FormRequest


class XiaoHuarSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "xiaohuar"
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["xiaohuar.com"]

    start_urls = [
        "http://www.xiaohuar.com/list-1-1.html",
    ]
    # custom_settings = {
    #     \'ITEM_PIPELINES\':{
    #         \'spider1.pipelines.JsonPipeline\': 100
    #     }
    # }
    has_request_set = {}

    def parse(self, response):
        # 分析页面
        # 找到页面中符合规则的内容（校花图片），保存
        # 找到所有的a标签，再访问其他a标签，一层一层的搞下去

        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)

        items = hxs.select(\'//div[@class="item_list infinite_scroll"]/div\')
        for item in items:
            src = item.select(\'.//div[@class="img"]/a/img/@src\').extract_first()
            name = item.select(\'.//div[@class="img"]/span/text()\').extract_first()
            school = item.select(\'.//div[@class="img"]/div[@class="btns"]/a/text()\').extract_first()
            url = "http://www.xiaohuar.com%s" % src
            from ..items import XiaoHuarItem
            obj = XiaoHuarItem(name=name, school=school, url=url)
            yield obj

        urls = hxs.select(\'//a[re:test(@href, "http://www.xiaohuar.com/list-1-\d+.html")]/@href\')
        for url in urls:
            key = self.md5(url)
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = url
                req = Request(url=url,method=\'GET\',callback=self.parse)
                yield req

    @staticmethod
    def md5(val):
        import hashlib
        ha = hashlib.md5()
        ha.update(bytes(val, encoding=\'utf-8\'))
        key = ha.hexdigest()
        return key

items

import scrapy


class XiaoHuarItem(scrapy.Item):
    name = scrapy.Field()
    school = scrapy.Field()
    url = scrapy.Field()

pipelines

import json
import os
import requests


class JsonPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.file = open(\'xiaohua.txt\', \'w\')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        v = json.dumps(dict(item), ensure_ascii=False)
        self.file.write(v)
        self.file.write(\'\n\')
        self.file.flush()
        return item


class FilePipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        if not os.path.exists(\'imgs\'):
            os.makedirs(\'imgs\')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        response = requests.get(item[\'url\'], stream=True)
        file_name = \'%s_%s.jpg\' % (item[\'name\'], item[\'school\'])
        with open(os.path.join(\'imgs\', file_name), mode=\'wb\') as f:
            f.write(response.content)
        return item

settings

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   \'spider1.pipelines.JsonPipeline\': 100,
   \'spider1.pipelines.FilePipeline\': 300,
}
# 每行后面的整型值，确定了他们运行的顺序，item按数字从低到高的顺序，通过pipeline，通常将这些数字定义在0-1000范围内。

对于pipeline可以做更多，如下：自定义pipeline

from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem

class CustomPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self,v):
        self.value = v

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 操作并进行持久化

        # return表示会被后续的pipeline继续处理
        return item

        # 表示将item丢弃，不会被后续pipeline处理
        # raise DropItem()


    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        """
        初始化时候，用于创建pipeline对象
        :param crawler: 
        :return: 
        """
        val = crawler.settings.getint(\'MMMM\')
        return cls(val)

    def open_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫开始执行时，调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print(\'000000\')

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫关闭时，被调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print(\'111111\')

6.中间件

爬虫中间件

class SpiderMiddleware(object):

    def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
        """
        下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
        :param response: 
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        pass

    def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
        """
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
        """
        异常调用
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
        """
        return None


    def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
        """
        爬虫启动时调用
        :param start_requests:
        :param spider:
        :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
        """
        return start_requests

下载器中间件

class DownMiddleware1(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        """
        请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return:  
            None,继续后续中间件去下载；
            Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
            Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
            raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
        """
        pass



    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
            Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
            raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
        """
        print(\'response1\')
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        """
        当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
            Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
            Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
        """
        return None

7. 自定制命令

• 在spiders同级创建任意目录，如：commands
• 在其中创建 crawlall.py 文件 （此处文件名就是自定义的命令）

crawlall.py

from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
    from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings


    class Command(ScrapyCommand):

        requires_project = True

        def syntax(self):
            return \'[options]\'

        def short_desc(self):
            return \'Runs all of the spiders\'

        def run(self, args, opts):
            spider_list = self.crawler_process.spiders.list()
            for name in spider_list:
                self.crawler_process.crawl(name, **opts.__dict__)
            self.crawler_process.start()

• 在settings.py 中添加配置 COMMANDS_MODULE = \'项目名称.目录名称\'
• 在项目目录执行命令：scrapy crawlall 

8. 自定义扩展

自定义扩展时，利用信号在指定位置注册制定操作

from scrapy import signals


class MyExtension(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        val = crawler.settings.getint(\'MMMM\')
        ext = cls(val)

        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_closed, signal=signals.spider_closed)

        return ext

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print(\'open\')

    def spider_closed(self, spider):
        print(\'close\')

9. 避免重复访问

scrapy默认使用 scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter 进行去重，相关配置有：

DUPEFILTER_CLASS = \'scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter\'
DUPEFILTER_DEBUG = False
JOBDIR = "保存范文记录的日志路径，如：/root/"  # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen

自定义URL去重操作

class RepeatUrl:
    def __init__(self):
        self.visited_url = set()

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        """
        初始化时，调用
        :param settings: 
        :return: 
        """
        return cls()

    def request_seen(self, request):
        """
        检测当前请求是否已经被访问过
        :param request: 
        :return: True表示已经访问过；False表示未访问过
        """
        if request.url in self.visited_url:
            return True
        self.visited_url.add(request.url)
        return False

    def open(self):
        """
        开始爬去请求时，调用
        :return: 
        """
        print(\'open replication\')

    def close(self, reason):
        """
        结束爬虫爬取时，调用
        :param reason: 
        :return: 
        """
        print(\'close replication\')

    def log(self, request, spider):
        """
        记录日志
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print(\'repeat\', request.url)

 10.其他

settings一些设置参数说明：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for step8_king project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

# 1. 爬虫名称
BOT_NAME = \'step8_king\'

# 2. 爬虫应用路径
SPIDER_MODULES = [\'step8_king.spiders\']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = \'step8_king.spiders\'

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
# 3. 客户端 user-agent请求头
# USER_AGENT = \'step8_king (+http://www.yourdomain.com)\'

# Obey robots.txt rules
# 4. 禁止爬虫配置
# ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
# 5. 并发请求数
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 4

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# 6. 延迟下载秒数
# DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2


# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
# 7. 单域名访问并发数，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个域名
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 2
# 单IP访问并发数，如果有值则忽略：CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个IP
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 3

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
# 8. 是否支持cookie，cookiejar进行操作cookie
# COOKIES_ENABLED = True
# COOKIES_DEBUG = True

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
# 9. Telnet用于查看当前爬虫的信息，操作爬虫等...
#    使用telnet ip port ，然后通过命令操作
# TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = True
# TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = \'127.0.0.1\'
# TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,]


# 10. 默认请求头
# Override the default request headers:
# DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
#     \'Accept\': \'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8\',
#     \'Accept-Language\': \'en\',
# }


# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
# 11. 定义pipeline处理请求
# ITEM_PIPELINES = {
#    \'step8_king.pipelines.JsonPipeline\': 700,
#    \'step8_king.pipelines.FilePipeline\': 500,
# }



# 12. 自定义扩展，基于信号进行调用
# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
# EXTENSIONS = {
#     # \'step8_king.extensions.MyExtension\': 500,
# }


# 13. 爬虫允许的最大深度，可以通过meta查看当前深度；0表示无深度
# DEPTH_LIMIT = 3

# 14. 爬取时，0表示深度优先Lifo(默认)；1表示广度优先FiFo

# 后进先出，深度优先
# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = \'scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue\'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = \'scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue\'
# 先进先出，广度优先

# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = \'scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue\'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = \'scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue\'

# 15. 调度器队列
# SCHEDULER = \'scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler\'
# from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler


# 16. 访问URL去重
# DUPEFILTER_CLASS = \'step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl\'


# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html

"""
17. 自动限速算法
    from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle
    自动限速设置
    1. 获取最小延迟 DOWNLOAD_DELAY
    2. 获取最大延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY
    3. 设置初始下载延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY
    4. 当请求下载完成后，获取其"连接"时间 latency，即：请求连接到接受到响应头之间的时间
    5. 用于计算的... AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY
    target_delay = latency / self.target_concurrency
    new_delay = (slot.delay + target_delay) / 2.0 # 表示上一次的延迟时间
    new_delay = max(target_delay, new_delay)
    new_delay = min(max(self.mindelay, new_delay), self.maxdelay)
    slot.delay = new_delay
"""

# 开始自动限速
# AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
# 初始下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
# 最大下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to each remote server
# 平均每秒并发数
# AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0

# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
# 是否显示
# AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings


"""
18. 启用缓存
    目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来，以便以后使用
    
    from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage
"""
# 是否启用缓存策略
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True

# 缓存策略：所有请求均缓存，下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略：根据Http响应头：Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy"

# 缓存超时时间
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0

# 缓存保存路径
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = \'httpcache\'

# 缓存忽略的Http状态码
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []

# 缓存存储的插件
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = \'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage\'


"""
19. 代理，需要在环境变量中设置
    from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware
    
    方式一：使用默认
        os.environ
        {
            http_proxy:http://root:woshiniba@192.168.11.11:9999/
            https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/
        }
    方式二：使用自定义下载中间件
    
    def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors=\'strict\'):
        if isinstance(text, bytes):
            return text
        if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
            raise TypeError(\'to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes \'
                            \'object, got %s\' % type(text).__name__)
        if encoding is None:
            encoding = \'utf-8\'
        return text.encode(encoding, errors)
        
    class ProxyMiddleware(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            PROXIES = [
                {\'ip_port\': \'111.11.228.75:80\', \'user_pass\': \'\'},
                {\'ip_port\': \'120.198.243.22:80\', \'user_pass\': \'\'},
                {\'ip_port\': \'111.8.60.9:8123\', \'user_pass\': \'\'},
                {\'ip_port\': \'101.71.27.120:80\', \'user_pass\': \'\'},
                {\'ip_port\': \'122.96.59.104:80\', \'user_pass\': \'\'},
                {\'ip_port\': \'122.224.249.122:8088\', \'user_pass\': \'\'},
            ]
            proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
            if proxy[\'user_pass\'] is not None:
                request.meta[\'proxy\'] = to_bytes（"http://%s" % proxy[\'ip_port\']）
                encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy[\'user_pass\']))
                request.headers[\'Proxy-Authorization\'] = to_bytes(\'Basic \' + encoded_user_pass)
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy[\'ip_port\']
            else:
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy[\'ip_port\']
                request.meta[\'proxy\'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy[\'ip_port\'])
    
    DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
       \'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware\': 500,
    }
    
"""

"""
20. Https访问
    Https访问时有两种情况：
    1. 要爬取网站使用的可信任证书(默认支持)
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory"
        
    2. 要爬取网站使用的自定义证书
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory"
        
        # https.py
        from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory
        from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate)
        
        class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
            def getCertificateOptions(self):
                from OpenSSL import crypto
                v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open(\'/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure\', mode=\'r\').read())
                v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open(\'/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem\', mode=\'r\').read())
                return CertificateOptions(
                    privateKey=v1,  # pKey对象
                    certificate=v2,  # X509对象
                    verify=False,
                    method=getattr(self, \'method\', getattr(self, \'_ssl_method\', None))
                )
    其他：
        相关类
            scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler
            scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
            scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory
        相关配置
            DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY
            DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY

"""



"""
21. 爬虫中间件
    class SpiderMiddleware(object):

        def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
            \'\'\'
            下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
            :param response: 
            :param spider: 
            :return: 
            \'\'\'
            pass
    
        def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
            \'\'\'
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
            \'\'\'
            return result
    
        def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
            \'\'\'
            异常调用
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
            \'\'\'
            return None
    
    
        def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
            \'\'\'
            爬虫启动时调用
            :param start_requests:
            :param spider:
            :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
            \'\'\'
            return start_requests
    
    内置爬虫中间件：
        \'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware\': 50,
        \'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware\': 500,
        \'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware\': 700,
        \'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware\': 800,
        \'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware\': 900,

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer import RefererMiddleware
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # \'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware\': 543,
}


"""
22. 下载中间件
    class DownMiddleware1(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            \'\'\'
            请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
            :param request:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None,继续后续中间件去下载；
                Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
                Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
                raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
            \'\'\'
            pass
    
    
    
        def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
            \'\'\'
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
                Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
                raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
            \'\'\'
            print(\'response1\')
            return response
    
        def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
            \'\'\'
            当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
                Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
                Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
            \'\'\'
            return None

    
    默认下载中间件
    {
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware\': 100,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware\': 300,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware\': 350,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware\': 400,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware\': 500,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware\': 550,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware\': 580,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware\': 590,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware\': 600,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware\': 700,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware\': 750,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware\': 830,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats\': 850,
        \'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware\': 900,
    }

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth import HttpAuthMiddleware
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    \'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware1\': 100,
#    \'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware2\': 500,
# }

11.TinyScrapy

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import types
from twisted.internet import defer
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor



class Request(object):
    def __init__(self, url, callback):
        self.url = url
        self.callback = callback
        self.priority = 0


class HttpResponse(object):
    def __init__(self, content, request):
        self.content = content
        self.request = request


class ChouTiSpider(object):

    def start_requests(self):
        url_list = [\'http://www.cnblogs.com/\', \'http://www.bing.com\']
        for url in url_list:
            yield Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.request.url)
        # yield Request(url="http://www.baidu.com", callback=self.parse)




from queue import Queue
Q = Queue()


class CallLaterOnce(object):
    def __init__(self, func, *a, **kw):
        self._func = func
        self._a = a
        self._kw = kw
        self._call = None

    def schedule(self, delay=0):
        if self._call is None:
            self._call = reactor.callLater(delay, self)

    def cancel(self):
        if self._call:
            self._call.cancel()

    def __call__(self):
        self._call = None
        return self._func(*self._a, **self._kw)


class Engine(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.nextcall = None
        self.crawlling = []
        self.max = 5
        self._closewait = None

    def get_response(self,content, request):
        response = HttpResponse(content, request)
        gen = request.callback(response)
        if isinstance(gen, types.GeneratorType):
            for req in gen:
                req.priority = request.priority + 1
                Q.put(req)


    def rm_crawlling(self,response,d):
        self.crawlling.remove(d)

    def _next_request(self,spider):
        if Q.qsize() == 0 and len(self.crawlling) == 0:
            self._closewait.callback(None)

        if len(self.crawlling) >= 5:
            return
        while len(self.crawlling) < 5:
            try:
                req = Q.get(block=False)
            except Exception as e:
                req = None
            if not req:
                return
            d = getPage(req.url.encode(\'utf-8\'))
            self.crawlling.append(d)
            d.addCallback(self.get_response, req)
            d.addCallback(self.rm_crawlling,d)
            d.addCallback(lambda _: self.nextcall.schedule())


    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def crawl(self):
        spider = ChouTiSpider()
        start_requests = iter(spider.start_requests())
        flag = True
        while flag:
            try:
                req = next(start_requests)
                Q.put(req)
            except StopIteration as e:
                flag = False

        self.nextcall = CallLaterOnce(self._next_request,spider)
        self.nextcall.schedule()

        self._closewait = defer.Deferred()
        yield self._closewait

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def pp(self):
        yield self.crawl()

_active = set()
obj = Engine()
d = obj.crawl()
_active.add(d)

li = defer.DeferredList(_active)
li.addBoth(lambda _,*a,**kw: reactor.stop())

reactor.run()

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