【ASP.NET Core】给路由规则命名有何用处

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上一篇中老周给伙伴们介绍了自定义视图搜索路径的方法，本篇咱们扯一下有关 URL 路径规则的名称问题。在扯今天的话题之前，先补充点东东。在上一篇中设置视图搜索路径时用到三个有序参数：{2}{1}{0}，分别是 Area、Controller、Action。其中说到几个特殊的视图，如_Layout.cshtml、_ViewStart.cshtml等。_Layout.cshtml 页默认放在 /Views/Shared 目录下，但，_ViewStart.cshtml 和 _ViewImports.cshtml 这两个不应该放在 Shared 目录下，一般应放到 /Views 下，这样它们可以作用于所有的视图。如果放到了 Shared 目录下，它们只对 Shared 目录中的视图起作用，而对于 Views 下的其他视图不起作用。

比如，放到 /Views 下。

Views（目录）
    │  _ViewImports.cshtml
    │  _ViewStart.cshtml
    │  
    └─Home（目录，Controller的名字）
            Index.cshtml（视图，Action）

其中，Home 是子目录，对应着控制器 Home，Home 中的 Index.cshtml 视图对应着 Action 名 Index。此时，_ViewStart 和 _ViewImports 中的内容会应用到 /Views 下的所有视图中（如 Index.cshtml）。

要是改为这样。

Views
    ├─Home
    │      About.cshtml
    │      Index.cshtml
    │      _ViewImports.cshtml
    │      _ViewStart.cshtml
    │      
    └─Users
            AddNew.cshtml

此时，Views 有两个子目录，Home 是一个控制器，Users 是另一个控制器，这时候，_ViewStart 和 _ViewImports 只对 Home 下面的视图起作用，对 Users 目录下的视图是不起作用的。

_ViewStart 主要用途是在所有视图文件执行之前执行，一般我们用它来设置 Layout 属性，以指定使用的布局页（相当于页面母板），这样一来，我们不需要在每个视图上都加 Layout = "xxxx" 了。_ViewImports 主要是用来引入要用到的命名空间（就是 C# 中的 using），这样你不需要在每个视图中写一堆 @using Razor 标记了。

这两个文件都是约定式的，所以你不应该随便改它的名字，_ViewImports 可以通过 RazorTemplateEngineOptions 类的 ImportsFileName 属性来修改，不过，_ViewStart 好像不能改，老周看到 asp.net core 源码中是写死了的，估计是不能改文件名的。

其实，这两个文件不应该改名，而且你改了名字也没啥用，反正功能是不变的，还是遵守约定好一些，这样人家看你的项目时也看得懂。_Layout.cshtml 文件如非必要，也不应该改名字，如果你的应用要用多个布局视图，可能建个子目录，然后每个子目录下放_Layout，这样结构清晰一些，毕竟，看到 _Layout.cshtml 就明白它是母板页了。

规则模板

我们都知道，在 Startup.Configure 方法中，会以此方式来指定 URL 路径规则。

            app.UseMvc(route =>
            {
                route.MapRoute("main", "{controller=Students}/{action=List}/{sid?}");
                route.MapRoute("edit_post", "{controller}-{action}");
            });

你可以添加 K 条规则，比如上面的例子，我添加了两条规则。

{controller} 和 {action} 是约定的名称，用来识别 Controller 和 Action ，所以你不要自作聪明乱来，必要有些写死了的参数才能进行 URL 分析，不然，你给个 URL http://dog.org/shopping/pay/500，那应用程序根本不知道哪一段是表示 Controller，哪一段是表示 action。

如果确定了 controller 和 action 这两个值，那么其他的参数就好分析了。

其他参数如果是可选的，可以在后面加个问号，比如 {controller}/{action}/{id?}，这表示 id 的值是可选的。

上面老周添加的两个规则中，edit_post 那个其实不太规范，URL 中各段最好用 “/” 来分隔，因为 “-” 有时候是不允许用的，比如，id 参数前面就不能用，你不能写成 {controller}-{action}-{id?}，要是 id 中包含了字符“-”，咋办呢？而“/”则不同，URL Encode 后不会冒出这个字符来。

所以用 / 最好，这里用 - 只是老周故意用来演示而已，URL 嘛，没必要玩花样，没意义。

基于 Attribute 指定的 URL 路由

在 Startup.Configure 方法中指定的 URL 路由是作用于整个应用程序的，如果想为个别控制器或个别 Action 指定路由规则，那么可以考虑使用 Attribute 的形式。

attribute 形式的路由规则和应用程序级别的规则相似，只是，在应用级别时，用大括号来包裹参数名（如 {controller}），而在 Attribute 方案中，是用中括号的，它只能用两个值：[controller]、[action]。其他参数也是用大括号。比如，[controlloer]/[action]/[id?] 会报错，你得改为 [controller]/[action]/{id?}。

RouteAttribute 既可以用于 Controller 类型，也可能用于单个 Action 方法上。我举个例子，像这样。

    [Route("hello/[controller]/[action]")]
    public class SomethingController : Controller
    {
        [Route("{name?}")]
        public IActionResult SayHi(string name)
        {
            ……
        }
    }

在类上应用用的 Attribute 中，可以使用这样的 URL ：http://localhost:999/hello/something/sayhi 。而在 SayHi 方法上，又用了 Route Attribute，指定了一个附加参数 name，并且是可选的。于是它可以与类上的 Route attribute 合并，变成：http://localhost:999/hello/something/sayhi/Peter。这时，字符串 Peter 会传给 SayHi 方法的 name 参数，因为，参数的名字与 Route 中的参数名是相同的，都叫 name。如果 SayHi 中的参数名不叫 name，那你得运用一下 FromRouteAttribute 了。就像这样。

        [Route("{name?}")]
        public IActionResult SayHi([FromRoute(Name = "name")]string who)
        {
            ……
        }

如果你希望 URL 中给 name 传入 int 类型的值，你还可以限制它。

 [Route("{name:int}")]

其实这些约束条件对应的是 Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.Constraints 命名空间下面的类型。

Route Data

Route data 其实就是一个字典，存放的就是 URL 路径规则中参数与值的 key-value 对。这个很简单，我举个例子，你就明白了。

咱们就直接用上面那个例子吧。

    [Route("hello/[controller]/[action]")]
    public class SomethingController : Controller
    {
        [Route("{name?}")]
        public IActionResult SayHi([FromRoute(Name = "name")]string who)
        {
            return Json(RouteData.Values);
        }
    }

在 SayHi 方法中，咱们把 route data 返回。

运行应用后，输入地址：http://localhost/hello/something/sayhi/Tom，得到的输出如下：

不用我解释了吧。

给路由命名

上面的都是 F 话，本小节才是本文的主题。我们回头看看上面老周举过例的那个 route。

            app.UseMvc(route =>
            {
                route.MapRoute("main", "{controller=Students}/{action=List}/{sid?}");
                route.MapRoute("edit_post", "{controller}-{action}");
            });

每条路由规则都会有自己的 name，为啥要命名？最直接的理由是为了唯一标识每条规则。除了此因素外，我们可以在开发过程中选择使用哪条规则，有了 name，想找出某条规则就好办了，就好比你上学的时候，老师点名，要么点姓名，要么点学号。

基于 Attribute 的路由规则也可以命名的，例如。

 [Route("hello/[controller]/[action]", Name = "prv")]

这样就把它命名为 prv 了，你还可以这样写。

  [Route("hello/[controller]/[action]", Name = "[controller]_[action]")]

这样也可以用 Controller 和 Action 的名字生成一个唯一的名字，比如 Something_SayHi。但是这种方法太动态了，好像不那么好操控，还是用一个固定的名字好一点。

要在开发的时候选择使用指定的 URL 路由，需要在 Razor 页中添加 Tag Helper，标记帮助类可以扩展 HTML 标记的某些功能。在需要使用 tag helper 的页面，或者统一在 _ViewImports.cshtml 页中加入这些指令。

@addTagHelper *, Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers

格式是这样的：

<类型全路径>, <程序集>

类型写在前面（包括 namespace 名），程序集名写在后面，用逗号分隔。这里用星号（*）是最爽的，它是通配符，表示引入所有 tag helper 类型。这样快捷，一行代码了事。

然后在 HTML 中你这样写。

    <form method="post"
          asp-route="edit_post">
        <div class="form-group">
            <label asp-for="Name"></label>
            <input asp-for="Name" class="form-control"/>
            <span asp-validation-for="Name" class="text-danger"></span>
        </div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label asp-for="Age"></label>
            <input asp-for="Age" class="form-control"/>
            <span asp-validation-for="Age" class="text-danger"></span>
        </div>
        <input asp-for="ID"/>
        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-dark">提交</button>
    </form>

其他代码你不用看了，只看这一句就够了：

 asp-route="edit_post"

它的意思就是使用我刚刚定义的那条规则。

 route.MapRoute("edit_post", "{controller}-{action}");

所以，在运行后就会生成这样的 HTML。

   <form method="post" action="/Students-Editdata">
        <div class="form-group">
            此处省略 1650 个字
</form>

因为我定义的规则是 {controller}-{action}的形式，所以，Controller 是 Students，Action 是 Editdata，连起来就是 Students-Editdata。

那么，这里它为什么能识别出 controller 和 action 的值呢，你看看我的代码就知道了。

    public class StudentsController : Controller
    {
        readonly StudentDBContext m_context;
        // 接收依赖注入
        public StudentsController(StudentDBContext c)
        {
            m_context = c;
        }

        public IActionResult List()
        {
            var q = from s in m_context.Students
                    orderby s.ID
                    select s;

            return View(q.ToList());
        }

        /***************************************************/
        // 以下方法用于编辑页
        [HttpGet]
        public IActionResult Editdata([FromRoute(Name = "sid")] int id)
        {
            var q = from s in m_context.Students
                    where id == s.ID
                    select s;
            Student stu = q.FirstOrDefault();
            if(stu == null)
            {
                return Content("在地球上找不到此学员。");
            }
            return View(stu);
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public IActionResult Editdata(Student s)
        {
            if (ModelState.IsValid == false)
            {
                return View(s);
            }
            m_context.Students.Update(s);
            m_context.SaveChanges();
            return RedirectToAction(nameof(List));
        }
    }

我定义了 Editdata 方法的重载，一个用于 get 请求，一个用于 post 请求，form 是以 post 方式提交，因此它能自动识别出 controller 和 action 的名字。

那万一，如果不是同名的呢，好办。你用 asp-route-<value> 来指定各个参数的值。比如这样

    <form method="post"
          asp-route="edit_post"
          asp-route-controller="Demo"
          asp-route-action="Runwork"
          asp-route-sid="1">

在 asp-route- 后面直接跟上路由规则参数的名称就可以了。

有一点要注意，asp-route 与 asp-controller、asp-action是会冲突的，如果你用了这两个标记，就不能用 asp-route 标记了，当然 asp-route-xxx 是可以用的。

好了，今天的内容就扯到这儿了，顺便把示例的代码也传上来，以供伙伴们娱乐。

示例源代码下载地址