Python的WEB框架
Bottle
Bottle是一个快速、简洁、轻量级的基于WSIG的微型Web框架,此框架只由一个 .py 文件,除了Python的标准库外,其不依赖任何其他模块。
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pip install bottleeasy_install bottleapt-get install python-bottle
wget http://bottlepy.org/bottle.py
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Bottle框架大致可以分为以下部分:
- 路由系统,将不同请求交由指定函数处理
- 模板系统,将模板中的特殊语法渲染成字符串,值得一说的是Bottle的模板引擎可以任意指定:Bottle内置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
- 公共组件,用于提供处理请求相关的信息,如:表单数据、cookies、请求头等
- 服务,Bottle默认支持多种基于WSGI的服务,如:
框架的基本使用
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from bottle import template, Bottle
root = Bottle()
@root.route(\'/hello/\')
def index():
return "Hello World"
# return template(\'<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!\', name="Alex")
root.run(host=\'localhost\', port=8080)
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一、路由系统
路由系统是的url对应指定函数,当用户请求某个url时,就由指定函数处理当前请求,对于Bottle的路由系统可以分为一下几类:
- 静态路由
- 动态路由
- 请求方法路由
- 二级路由
1、静态路由
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@root.route(\'/hello/\')
def index():
return template(\'<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!\', name="Alex")
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2、动态路由
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@root.route(\'/wiki/<pagename>\')
def callback(pagename):
...
@root.route(\'/object/<id:int>\')
def callback(id):
...
@root.route(\'/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>\')
def callback(name):
...
@root.route(\'/static/<path:path>\')
def callback(path):
return static_file(path, root=\'static\')
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3、请求方法路由
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@root.route(\'/hello/\', method=\'POST\')
def index():
...
@root.get(\'/hello/\')
def index():
...
@root.post(\'/hello/\')
def index():
...
@root.put(\'/hello/\')
def index():
...
@root.delete(\'/hello/\')
def index():
...
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4、二级路由
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
app01 = Bottle()
@app01.route(\'/hello/\', method=\'GET\')
def index():
return template(\'<b>App01</b>!\')
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
app02 = Bottle()
@app02.route(\'/hello/\', method=\'GET\')
def index():
return template(\'<b>App02</b>!\')
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from bottle import template, Bottle
from bottle import static_file
root = Bottle()
@root.route(\'/hello/\')
def index():
return template(\'<b>Root {{name}}</b>!\', name="Alex")
from framwork_bottle import app01
from framwork_bottle import app02
root.mount(\'app01\', app01.app01)
root.mount(\'app02\', app02.app02)
root.run(host=\'localhost\', port=8080)
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二、模板系统
模板系统用于将Html和自定的值两者进行渲染,从而得到字符串,然后将该字符串返回给客户端。我们知道在Bottle中可以使用 内置模板系统、mako、jinja2、cheetah等,以内置模板系统为例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{name}}</h1>
</body>
</html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from bottle import template, Bottle
root = Bottle()
@root.route(\'/hello/\')
def index():
# 默认情况下去目录:[\'./\', \'./views/\']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html
# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中
return template(\'hello_template.tpl\', name=\'alex\')
root.run(host=\'localhost\', port=8080)
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1、语法
- 单值
- 单行Python代码
- Python代码快
- Python、Html混合
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<h1>1、单值</h1>
{{name}}<h1>2、单行Python代码</h1>
% s1 = "hello"
<h1>3、Python代码块</h1>
<%
# A block of python code
name = name.title().strip()
if name == "Alex":
name="seven"
%>
<h1>4、Python、Html混合</h1>
% if True:
<span>{{name}}</span>
% end
<ul> % for item in name:
<li>{{item}}</li>
% end
</ul>
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2、函数
include(sub_template, **variables)
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# 导入其他模板文件% include(\'header.tpl\', title=\'Page Title\')
Page Content% include(\'footer.tpl\')
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rebase(name, **variables)
<html>
<head>
<title>{{title or \'No title\'}}</title>
</head>
<body>
{{!base}}
</body>
</html>
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# 导入母版% rebase(\'base.tpl\', title=\'Page Title\')
<p>Page Content ...</p>
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defined(name)
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# 检查当前变量是否已经被定义,已定义True,未定义False |
get(name, default=None)
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# 获取某个变量的值,不存在时可设置默认值 |
setdefault(name, default)
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# 如果变量不存在时,为变量设置默认值 |
扩展:自定义函数
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>自定义函数</h1>
{{ wupeiqi() }}
</body>
</html>
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate
root = Bottle()
def custom():
return \'123123\'
@root.route(\'/hello/\')
def index():
# 默认情况下去目录:[\'./\', \'./views/\']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html
# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中
return template(\'hello_template.html\', name=\'alex\', wupeiqi=custom)
root.run(host=\'localhost\', port=8080)
注:变量或函数前添加 【 ! 】,则会关闭转义的功能
三、公共组件
由于Web框架就是用来【接收用户请求】-> 【处理用户请求】-> 【响应相关内容】,对于具体如何处理用户请求,开发人员根据用户请求来进行处理,而对于接收用户请求和相应相关的内容均交给框架本身来处理,其处理完成之后将产出交给开发人员和用户。
【接收用户请求】
当框架接收到用户请求之后,将请求信息封装在Bottle的request中,以供开发人员使用
【响应相关内容】
当开发人员的代码处理完用户请求之后,会将其执行内容相应给用户,相应的内容会封装在Bottle的response中,然后再由框架将内容返回给用户
所以,公共组件本质其实就是为开发人员提供接口,使其能够获取用户信息并配置响应内容。
1、request
Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalReqeust对象,其中封装了用户请求的相关信息:
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request.headers 请求头信息
request.query get请求信息
request.forms post请求信息
request.files 上传文件信息
request.params get和post请求信息
request.GET get请求信息
request.POST post和上传信息
request.cookies cookie信息
request.environ 环境相关相关
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2、response
Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalResponse对象,其中框架即将返回给用户的相关信息:
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response response.status_line
状态行
response.status_code
状态码
response.headers
响应头
response.charset
编码
response.set_cookie
在浏览器上设置cookie
response.delete_cookie
在浏览器上删除cookie
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实例:
from bottle import route, request
@route(\'/login\')
def login():
return \'\'\'
<form action="/login" method="post">
Username: <input name="username" type="text" />
Password: <input name="password" type="password" />
<input value="Login" type="submit" />
</form>
\'\'\'
@route(\'/login\', method=\'POST\')
def do_login():
username = request.forms.get(\'username\')
password = request.forms.get(\'password\')
if check_login(username, password):
return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>"
else:
return "<p>Login failed.</p>"
<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
Category: <input type="text" name="category" />
Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" />
<input type="submit" value="Start upload" />
</form>
@route(\'/upload\', method=\'POST\')
def do_upload():
category = request.forms.get(\'category\')
upload = request.files.get(\'upload\')
name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename)
if ext not in (\'.png\',\'.jpg\',\'.jpeg\'):
return \'File extension not allowed.\'
save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category)
upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automatically
return \'OK\'
四、服务
对于Bottle框架其本身未实现类似于Tornado自己基于socket实现Web服务,所以必须依赖WSGI,默认Bottle已经实现并且支持的WSGI有:
server_names = {
\'cgi\': CGIServer,
\'flup\': FlupFCGIServer,
\'wsgiref\': WSGIRefServer,
\'waitress\': WaitressServer,
\'cherrypy\': CherryPyServer,
\'paste\': PasteServer,
\'fapws3\': FapwsServer,
\'tornado\': TornadoServer,
\'gae\': AppEngineServer,
\'twisted\': TwistedServer,
\'diesel\': DieselServer,
\'meinheld\': MeinheldServer,
\'gunicorn\': GunicornServer,
\'eventlet\': EventletServer,
\'gevent\': GeventServer,
\'geventSocketIO\':GeventSocketIOServer,
\'rocket\': RocketServer,
\'bjoern\' : BjoernServer,
\'auto\': AutoServer,
}
使用时,只需在主app执行run方法时指定参数即可:
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from bottle import Bottle
root = Bottle()
@root.route(\'/hello/\')
def index():
return "Hello World"
# 默认server =\'wsgiref\'root.run(host=\'localhost\', port=8080, server=\'wsgiref\')
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默认server="wsgiref",即:使用Python内置模块wsgiref,如果想要使用其他时,则需要首先安装相关类库,然后才能使用。如:
# 如果使用Tornado的服务,则需要首先安装tornado才能使用
class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
""" The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
# 导入Tornado相关模块
import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
PS:以上WSGI中提供了19种,如果想要使期支持其他服务,则需要扩展Bottle源码来自定义一个ServerAdapter
更多参见:http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html
Flask
Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
安装
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pip install Flask |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
@Request.application
def hello(request):
return Response(\'Hello World!\')
if __name__ == \'__main__\':
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
run_simple(\'localhost\', 4000, hello)
一、第一次
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from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def hello():
return "Hello World!"
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()
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二、路由系统
- @app.route(\'/user/<username>\')
- @app.route(\'/post/<int:post_id>\')
- @app.route(\'/post/<float:post_id>\')
- @app.route(\'/post/<path:path>\')
- @app.route(\'/login\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
常用路由系统有以上五种,所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:
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DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
\'default\': UnicodeConverter,
\'string\': UnicodeConverter,
\'any\': AnyConverter,
\'path\': PathConverter,
\'int\': IntegerConverter,
\'float\': FloatConverter,
\'uuid\': UUIDConverter,
} |
注:对于Flask默认不支持直接写正则表达式的路由,不过可以通过自定义来实现,见:https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259
三、模板
1、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别
2、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似,创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template,如:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>自定义函数</h1>
{{ww()|safe}}
</body>
</html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from flask import Flask,render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
def wupeiqi():
return \'<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>\'
@app.route(\'/login\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def login():
return render_template(\'login.html\', ww=wupeiqi)
app.run() |
四、公共组件
1、请求
对于Http请求,Flask会讲请求信息封装在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest),提供的如下常用方法和字段以供使用:
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request.methodrequest.argsrequest.formrequest.valuesrequest.filesrequest.cookiesrequest.headersrequest.pathrequest.full_pathrequest.script_rootrequest.urlrequest.base_urlrequest.url_rootrequest.host_urlrequest.host |
@app.route(\'/login\', methods=[\'POST\', \'GET\'])
def login():
error = None
if request.method == \'POST\':
if valid_login(request.form[\'username\'],
request.form[\'password\']):
return log_the_user_in(request.form[\'username\'])
else:
error = \'Invalid username/password\'
# the code below is executed if the request method
# was GET or the credentials were invalid
return render_template(\'login.html\', error=error)
from flask import request
from werkzeug import secure_filename
@app.route(\'/upload\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def upload_file():
if request.method == \'POST\':
f = request.files[\'the_file\']
f.save(\'/var/www/uploads/\' + secure_filename(f.filename))
...
from flask import request
@app.route(\'/setcookie/\')
def index():
username = request.cookies.get(\'username\')
# use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a
# KeyError if the cookie is missing.
from flask import make_response
@app.route(\'/getcookie\')
def index():
resp = make_response(render_template(...))
resp.set_cookie(\'username\', \'the username\')
return resp
2、响应
当用户请求被开发人员的逻辑处理完成之后,会将结果发送给用户浏览器,那么就需要对请求做出相应的响应。
a.字符串
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@app.route(\'/index/\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def index():
return "index"
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b.模板引擎
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from flask import Flask,render_template,request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route(\'/index/\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def index():
return render_template("index.html")
app.run() |
c.重定向
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-from flask import Flask, redirect, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route(\'/index/\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def index():
# return redirect(\'/login/\')
return redirect(url_for(\'login\'))
@app.route(\'/login/\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def login():
return "LOGIN"
app.run() |
d.错误页面
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route(\'/e1/\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def index():
abort(404, \'Nothing\')
app.run()
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from flask import Flask, abort, render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route(\'/index/\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def index():
return "OK"
@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):
return render_template(\'page_not_found.html\'), 404
app.run() |
e.设置相应信息
使用make_response可以对相应的内容进行操作
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from flask import Flask, abort, render_template,make_response
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route(\'/index/\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def index():
response = make_response(render_template(\'index.html\'))
# response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
# response.delete_cookie
# response.set_cookie
# response.headers[\'X-Something\'] = \'A value\'
return response
app.run() |
3、Session
除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。
-
设置:session[\'username\'] = \'xxx\'
- 删除:session.pop(\'username\', None)
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from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route(\'/\')
def index():
if \'username\' in session:
return \'Logged in as %s\' % escape(session[\'username\'])
return \'You are not logged in\'
@app.route(\'/login\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def login():
if request.method == \'POST\':
session[\'username\'] = request.form[\'username\']
return redirect(url_for(\'index\'))
return \'\'\'
<form action="" method="post">
<p><input type=text name=username>
<p><input type=submit value=Login>
</form>
\'\'\'
@app.route(\'/logout\')
def logout():
# remove the username from the session if it\'s there
session.pop(\'username\', None)
return redirect(url_for(\'index\'))
# set the secret key. keep this really secret:app.secret_key = \'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT\'
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Flask还有众多其他功能,更多参见:
http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
http://flask.pocoo.org/
Tornado
Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp,不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境,这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具 和优化。
Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架(包括大多数 Python 的框架)有着明显的区别:它是非阻塞式服务器,而且速度相当快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用,Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接,这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说,Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。(关于如何扩容 服务器,以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题,请参阅 C10K problem。)
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pip install tornado源码安装 https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz
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一、快速上手
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world")
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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第一步:执行脚本,监听 8888 端口
第二步:浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
第三步:服务器接受请求,并交由对应的类处理该请求
第四步:类接受到请求之后,根据请求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同调用并执行相应的方法
第五步:方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado import httpclient
from tornado.web import asynchronous
from tornado import gen
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@asynchronous
@gen.coroutine
def get(self):
print \'start get \'
http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)
self.write(\'end\')
def callback(self, response):
print response.body
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
\'ui_methods\': mt,
\'ui_modules\': md,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8009)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
二、路由系统
路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系,这里不同于其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数,Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world")
class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, story_id):
self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)
class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
(r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler),
]) application.add_handlers(\'buy.wupeiqi.com$\', [
(r\'/index\',BuyHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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三、模板
Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似,模板引擎将模板文件载入内存,然后将数据嵌入其中,最终获取到一个完整的字符串,再将字符串返回给请求者。
Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”,控制语句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表达语句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起来的,例如 {{ items[0] }}。
控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if、for、while 和 try,这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做标记。还通过 extends 和 block 语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template 模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<title>老男孩</title>
<link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% block CSS %}{% end %}
</head>
<body>
<div class="pg-header">
</div>
{% block RenderBody %}{% end %}
<script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
{% block JavaScript %}{% end %}
</body>
</html>
{% extends \'layout.html\'%}
{% block CSS %}
<link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% end %}
{% block RenderBody %}
<h1>Index</h1>
<ul>
{% for item in li %}
<li>{{item}}</li>
{% end %}
</ul>
{% end %}
{% block JavaScript %}
{% end %}
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render(\'home/index.html\')
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用:
-
escape:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape的別名 -
xhtml_escape:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape的別名 -
url_escape:tornado.escape.url_escape的別名 -
json_encode:tornado.escape.json_encode的別名 -
squeeze:tornado.escape.squeeze的別名 -
linkify:tornado.escape.linkify的別名 -
datetime: Python 的datetime模组 -
handler: 当前的RequestHandler对象 -
request:handler.request的別名 -
current_user:handler.current_user的別名 -
locale:handler.locale的別名 -
_:handler.locale.translate的別名 -
static_url: forhandler.static_url的別名 -
xsrf_form_html:handler.xsrf_form_html的別名
Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule,我们也可以自定义从而实现类似于Django的simple_tag的功能:
1、定义
# uimethods.py
def tab(self):
return \'UIMethod\'
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escape
class custom(UIModule):
def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
return escape.xhtml_escape(\'<h1>wupeiqi</h1>\')
#return escape.xhtml_escape(\'<h1>wupeiqi</h1>\')
2、注册
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado.escape import linkify
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render(\'index.html\')
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
\'ui_methods\': mt,
\'ui_modules\': md,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8009)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
3、使用
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
{% module custom(123) %}
{{ tab() }}
</body>
四、实用功能
1、静态文件
对于静态文件,可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀,并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render(\'home/index.html\')
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
</body>
</html>
备注:静态文件缓存的实现
def get_content_version(cls, abspath):
"""Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.
This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The
default implementation is a hash of the file\'s contents.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
"""
data = cls.get_content(abspath)
hasher = hashlib.md5()
if isinstance(data, bytes):
hasher.update(data)
else:
for chunk in data:
hasher.update(chunk)
return hasher.hexdigest()
2、csrf
Tornado中的夸张请求伪造和Django中的相似,跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)
settings = {
"xsrf_cookies": True,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
<form action="/new_message" method="post">
{{ xsrf_form_html() }}
<input type="text" name="message"/>
<input type="submit" value="Post"/>
</form>
function getCookie(name) {
var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");
return r ? r[1] : undefined;
}
jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {
args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");
$.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",
success: function(response) {
callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));
}});
};
注:Ajax使用时,本质上就是去获取本地的cookie,携带cookie再来发送请求
3、cookie
Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作,并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。
a、基本操作
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):
self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
else:
self.write("Your cookie was set!")
b、签名
Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息,你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法,你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥,名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中:
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):
self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
else:
self.write("Your cookie was set!")
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
for part in parts:
hash.update(utf8(part))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
hash.update(utf8(s))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,
key_version=None):
if version is None:
version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION
if clock is None:
clock = time.time
timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))
value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
if version == 1:
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])
return value
elif version == 2:
# The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of
# length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a
# signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in
# decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an
# HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including
# the final pipe.
#
# The fields are:
# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)
# - key version (integer, default is 0)
# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)
# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)
# - value (base64-encoded)
# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)
def format_field(s):
return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)
to_sign = b"|".join([
b"2",
format_field(str(key_version or 0)),
format_field(timestamp),
format_field(name),
format_field(value),
b\'\'])
if isinstance(secret, dict):
assert key_version is not None, \'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used\'
assert version >= 2, \'Version must be at least 2 for key version support\'
secret = secret[key_version]
signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
return to_sign + signature
else:
raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")
if len(parts) != 3:
return None
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])
if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):
gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)
return None
timestamp = int(parts[1])
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)
return None
if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:
# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the
# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing
# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the
# signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp
# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.
gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",
value)
return None
if parts[1].startswith(b"0"):
gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(parts[0])
except Exception:
return None
def _decode_fields_v2(value):
def _consume_field(s):
length, _, rest = s.partition(b\':\')
n = int(length)
field_value = rest[:n]
# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must
# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.
if rest[n:n + 1] != b\'|\':
raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")
rest = rest[n + 1:]
return field_value, rest
rest = value[2:] # remove version number
key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)
timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)
name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)
value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)
return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig
def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
try:
key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None
signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]
if isinstance(secret, dict):
try:
secret = secret[key_version]
except KeyError:
return None
expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
return None
if name_field != utf8(name):
return None
timestamp = int(timestamp)
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
# The signature has expired.
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(value_field)
except Exception:
return None
def get_signature_key_version(value):
value = utf8(value)
version = _get_version(value)
if version < 2:
return None
try:
key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None
return key_version
签名Cookie的本质是:
写cookie过程:
- 将值进行base64加密
- 对除值以外的内容进行签名,哈希算法(无法逆向解析)
- 拼接 签名 + 加密值
读cookie过程:
- 读取 签名 + 加密值
- 对签名进行验证
- base64解密,获取值内容
注:许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None)
if login_user:
self.write(login_user)
else:
self.redirect(\'/login\')
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.current_user()
self.render(\'login.html\', **{\'status\': \'\'})
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
username = self.get_argument(\'name\')
password = self.get_argument(\'pwd\')
if username == \'wupeiqi\' and password == \'123\':
self.set_secure_cookie(\'login_user\', \'武沛齐\')
self.redirect(\'/\')
else:
self.render(\'login.html\', **{\'status\': \'用户名或密码错误\'})
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
\'cookie_secret\': \'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh\'
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get_current_user(self):
return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user")
class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
@tornado.web.authenticated
def get(self):
login_user = self.current_user
self.write(login_user)
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.current_user()
self.render(\'login.html\', **{\'status\': \'\'})
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
username = self.get_argument(\'name\')
password = self.get_argument(\'pwd\')
if username == \'wupeiqi\' and password == \'123\':
self.set_secure_cookie(\'login_user\', \'武沛齐\')
self.redirect(\'/\')
else:
self.render(\'login.html\', **{\'status\': \'用户名或密码错误\'})
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
\'cookie_secret\': \'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh\',
\'login_url\': \'/login\'
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
4、Ajax上传文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<input type="file" id="img" />
<input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
<script>
function UploadFile(){
var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj);
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("post", \'/index\', true);
xhr.send(form);
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render(\'index.html\')
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
# print(file_metas)
for meta in file_metas:
file_name = meta[\'filename\']
with open(file_name,\'wb\') as up:
up.write(meta[\'body\'])
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8000)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj);
$.ajax({
type:\'POST\',
url: \'/index\',
data: form,
processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data
contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType
success: function(arg){
console.log(arg);
}
})
五、扩展功能
1、自定义Session
a.知识储备
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- class Foo(object):
def __getitem__(self, key):
print \'__getitem__\',key
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
print \'__setitem__\',key,value
def __delitem__(self, key):
print \'__delitem__\',key
obj = Foo()
result = obj[\'k1\']
#obj[\'k2\'] = \'wupeiqi\'#del obj[\'k1\'] |
b.session实现机制
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
session_container = {}
create_session_id = lambda: sha1(\'%s%s\' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()
class Session(object):
session_id = "__sessionId__"
def __init__(self, request):
session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
if not session_value:
self._id = create_session_id()
else:
self._id = session_value
request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)
def __getitem__(self, key):
return session_container[self._id][key]
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
if session_container.has_key(self._id):
session_container[self._id][key] = value
else:
session_container[self._id] = {key: value}
def __delitem__(self, key):
del session_container[self._id][key]
class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def initialize(self):
# my_session[\'k1\']访问 __getitem__ 方法
self.my_session = Session(self)
class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self):
print self.my_session[\'c_user\']
print self.my_session[\'c_card\']
self.write(\'index\')
class LoginHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self):
self.render(\'login.html\', **{\'status\': \'\'})
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
username = self.get_argument(\'name\')
password = self.get_argument(\'pwd\')
if username == \'wupeiqi\' and password == \'123\':
self.my_session[\'c_user\'] = \'wupeiqi\'
self.my_session[\'c_card\'] = \'12312312309823012\'
self.redirect(\'/index\')
else:
self.render(\'login.html\', **{\'status\': \'用户名或密码错误\'})
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
\'cookie_secret\': \'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh\',
\'login_url\': \'/login\'
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
c. Session框架
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import sys
import math
from bisect import bisect
if sys.version_info >= (2, 5):
import hashlib
md5_constructor = hashlib.md5
else:
import md5
md5_constructor = md5.new
class HashRing(object):
"""一致性哈希"""
def __init__(self,nodes):
\'\'\'初始化
nodes : 初始化的节点,其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重
默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点
对于权重,通过多创建虚拟节点来实现
如:nodes = [
{\'host\':\'127.0.0.1:8000\',\'weight\':1},
{\'host\':\'127.0.0.1:8001\',\'weight\':2},
{\'host\':\'127.0.0.1:8002\',\'weight\':1},
]
\'\'\'
self.ring = dict()
self._sorted_keys = []
self.total_weight = 0
self.__generate_circle(nodes)
def __generate_circle(self,nodes):
for node_info in nodes:
self.total_weight += node_info.get(\'weight\',1)
for node_info in nodes:
weight = node_info.get(\'weight\',1)
node = node_info.get(\'host\',None)
virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight)
for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( \'%s-%s\' % (node, i) )
if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):
raise Exception(\'该节点已经存在.\')
self.ring[key] = node
self._sorted_keys.append(key)
def add_node(self,node):
\'\'\' 新建节点
node : 要添加的节点,格式为:{\'host\':\'127.0.0.1:8002\',\'weight\':1},其中第一个元素表示节点,第二个元素表示该节点的权重。
\'\'\'
node = node.get(\'host\',None)
if not node:
raise Exception(\'节点的地址不能为空.\')
weight = node.get(\'weight\',1)
self.total_weight += weight
nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1
virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight)
for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( \'%s-%s\' % (node, i) )
if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):
raise Exception(\'该节点已经存在.\')
self.ring[key] = node
self._sorted_keys.append(key)
def remove_node(self,node):
\'\'\' 移除节点
node : 要移除的节点 \'127.0.0.1:8000\'
\'\'\'
for key,value in self.ring.items():
if value == node:
del self.ring[key]
self._sorted_keys.remove(key)
def get_node(self,string_key):
\'\'\'获取 string_key 所在的节点\'\'\'
pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)
if pos is None:
return None
return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(\':\')
def get_node_pos(self,string_key):
\'\'\'获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引\'\'\'
if not self.ring:
return None
key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key)
nodes = self._sorted_keys
pos = bisect(nodes, key)
return pos
def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key):
m = md5_constructor()
m.update(key)
return long(m.hexdigest(), 16)
def gen_key_sixteen(self,key):
b_key = self.__hash_digest(key)
return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x)
def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn):
return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] )
def __hash_digest(self, key):
m = md5_constructor()
m.update(key)
return map(ord, m.digest())
"""
nodes = [
{\'host\':\'127.0.0.1:8000\',\'weight\':1},
{\'host\':\'127.0.0.1:8001\',\'weight\':2},
{\'host\':\'127.0.0.1:8002\',\'weight\':1},
]
ring = HashRing(nodes)
result = ring.get_node(\'98708798709870987098709879087\')
print result
"""
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
create_session_id = lambda: sha1(\'%s%s\' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()
class Session(object):
session_id = "__sessionId__"
def __init__(self, request):
session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
if not session_value:
self._id = create_session_id()
else:
self._id = session_value
request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)
def __getitem__(self, key):
# 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP
# 找到相对应的redis服务器,如: r = redis.StrictRedis(host=\'localhost\', port=6379, db=0)
# 使用python redis api 链接
# 获取数据,即:
# return self._redis.hget(self._id, name)
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
# 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP
# 使用python redis api 链接
# 设置session
# self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value)
def __delitem__(self, key):
# 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器
# 使用python redis api 链接
# 删除,即:
return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
2、自定义模型版定
模型绑定有两个主要功能:
- 自动生成html表单
- 用户输入验证
在之前学习的Django中为程序员提供了非常便捷的模型绑定功能,但是在Tornado中,一切需要自己动手!!!
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
<form action="/index" method="post">
<p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p>
<p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p>
<p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p>
<p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
import re
class MainForm(object):
def __init__(self):
self.host = "(.*)"
self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
self.port = \'(\d+)\'
self.phone = \'^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$\'
def check_valid(self, request):
form_dict = self.__dict__
for key, regular in form_dict.items():
post_value = request.get_argument(key)
# 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配
ret = re.match(regular, post_value)
print key,ret,post_value
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render(\'index.html\')
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
obj = MainForm()
result = obj.check_valid(self)
self.write(\'ok\')
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
\'cookie_secret\': \'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh\',
\'login_url\': \'/login\'
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
由于请求的验证时,需要考虑是否可以为空以及正则表达式的复用,所以:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
import re
class Field(object):
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required):
self.id_valid = False
self.value = None
self.error = None
self.name = None
self.error_msg = error_msg_dict
self.required = required
def match(self, name, value):
self.name = name
if not self.required:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if not value:
if self.error_msg.get(\'required\', None):
self.error = self.error_msg[\'required\']
else:
self.error = "%s is required" % name
else:
ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value)
if ret:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = ret.group()
else:
if self.error_msg.get(\'valid\', None):
self.error = self.error_msg[\'valid\']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
class IPField(Field):
REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {} # {\'required\': \'IP不能为空\', \'valid\': \'IP格式错误\'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
class IntegerField(Field):
REGULAR = "^\d+$"
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {\'required\': \'数字不能为空\', \'valid\': \'数字格式错误\'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
class CheckBoxField(Field):
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {} # {\'required\': \'IP不能为空\', \'valid\': \'IP格式错误\'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
def match(self, name, value):
self.name = name
if not self.required:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if not value:
if self.error_msg.get(\'required\', None):
self.error = self.error_msg[\'required\']
else:
self.error = "%s is required" % name
else:
if isinstance(name, list):
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if self.error_msg.get(\'valid\', None):
self.error = self.error_msg[\'valid\']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
class FileField(Field):
REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$"
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {} # {\'required\': \'数字不能为空\', \'valid\': \'数字格式错误\'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
def match(self, name, value):
self.name = name
self.value = []
if not self.required:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if not value:
if self.error_msg.get(\'required\', None):
self.error = self.error_msg[\'required\']
else:
self.error = "%s is required" % name
else:
m = re.compile(self.REGULAR)
if isinstance(value, list):
for file_name in value:
r = m.match(file_name)
if r:
self.value.append(r.group())
self.id_valid = True
else:
self.id_valid = False
if self.error_msg.get(\'valid\', None):
self.error = self.error_msg[\'valid\']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
break
else:
if self.error_msg.get(\'valid\', None):
self.error = self.error_msg[\'valid\']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
def save(self, request, upload_path=""):
file_metas = request.files[self.name]
for meta in file_metas:
file_name = meta[\'filename\']
with open(file_name,\'wb\') as up:
up.write(meta[\'body\'])
class Form(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value_dict = {}
self.error_dict = {}
self.valid_status = True
def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""):
self.initialize()
self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key)
def initialize(self):
pass
def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key):
"""
验证用户表单请求的数据
:param form_obj: Form对象(Form派生类的对象)
:param request: Http请求上下文(用于从请求中获取用户提交的值)
:param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持
:param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀(多层Form时,内部递归时设置,无需理会)
:return: 是否验证通过,True:验证成功;False:验证失败
"""
depth -= 1
if depth < 0:
return None
form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__
for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items():
print key,field_obj
if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field):
if isinstance(field_obj, Form):
# 获取以key开头的所有的值,以参数的形式传至
self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key)
continue
if pre_key:
key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key)
if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField):
post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None)
elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField):
post_value = []
file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None)
for file_item in file_list:
post_value.append(file_item[\'filename\'])
else:
post_value = request.get_argument(key, None)
print post_value
# 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配
field_obj.match(key, post_value)
if field_obj.id_valid:
self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value
else:
self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error
self.valid_status = False
class ListForm(object):
def __init__(self, form_type):
self.form_type = form_type
self.valid_status = True
self.value_dict = {}
self.error_dict = {}
def validate(self, request):
name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys()
index = 0
flag = False
while True:
pre_key = "[%d]" % index
for name in name_list:
if name.startswith(pre_key):
flag = True
break
if flag:
form_obj = self.form_type()
form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index)
if form_obj.valid_status:
self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict
else:
self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict
self.valid_status = False
else:
break
index += 1
flag = False
class MainForm(Form):
def __init__(self):
# self.ip = IPField(required=True)
# self.port = IntegerField(required=True)
# self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
# self.second = SecondForm()
self.fff = FileField(required=True)
super(MainForm, self).__init__()
#
# class SecondForm(Form):
#
# def __init__(self):
# self.ip = IPField(required=True)
# self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
#
# super(SecondForm, self).__init__()
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render(\'index.html\')
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
# for i in dir(self.request):
# print i
# print self.request.arguments
# print self.request.files
# print self.request.query
# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()
# print name_list
# list_form = ListForm(MainForm)
# list_form.validate(self)
#
# print list_form.valid_status
# print list_form.value_dict
# print list_form.error_dict
# obj = MainForm()
# obj.validate(self)
#
# print "验证结果:", obj.valid_status
# print "符合验证结果:", obj.value_dict
# print "错误信息:"
# for key, item in obj.error_dict.items():
# print key,item
# print self.get_arguments(\'favor\'),type(self.get_arguments(\'favor\'))
# print self.get_argument(\'favor\'),type(self.get_argument(\'favor\'))
# print type(self.get_argument(\'fff\')),self.get_argument(\'fff\')
# print self.request.files
# obj = MainForm()
# obj.validate(self)
# print obj.valid_status
# print obj.value_dict
# print obj.error_dict
# print self.request,type(self.request)
# obj.fff.save(self.request)
# from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest
# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()
# print name_list
# print self.request.files,type(self.request.files)
# print len(self.request.files.get(\'fff\'))
# obj = MainForm()
# obj.validate(self)
# print obj.valid_status
# print obj.value_dict
# print obj.error_dict
# obj.fff.save(self.request)
self.write(\'ok\')
settings = {
\'template_path\': \'template\',
\'static_path\': \'static\',
\'static_url_prefix\': \'/static/\',
\'cookie_secret\': \'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh\',
\'login_url\': \'/login\'
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()