python使用matplotlib绘制折线图教程
Matplotlib是一个Python工具箱,用于科学计算的数据可视化。借助它,Python可以绘制如Matlab和Octave多种多样的数据图形。下面这篇文章主要介绍了python使用matplotlib如何绘制折线图的方法教程,需要的朋友可以参考借鉴。
matplotlib简介
matplotlib 是python最著名的绘图库,它提供了一整套和matlab相似的命令API,十分适合交互式地行制图。而且也可以方便地将它作为绘图控件,嵌入GUI应用程序中。
它的文档相当完备,并且Gallery页面中有上百幅缩略图,打开之后都有源程序。因此如果你需要绘制某种类型的图,只需要在这个页面中浏览/复制/粘贴一下,基本上都能搞定。
在Linux下比较著名的数据图工具还有gnuplot,这个是免费的,Python有一个包可以调用gnuplot,但是语法比较不习惯,而且画图质量不高。
而 Matplotlib则比较强:Matlab的语法、python语言、latex的画图质量(还可以使用内嵌的latex引擎绘制的数学公式)。
绘图库Matplotlib的安装方法:点击这里
matplotlib绘制折线图
1. line chart
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100) y1, y2 = np.sin(x), np.cos(x) plt.plot(x, y1) plt.plot(x, y2) plt.title(\'line chart\') plt.xlabel(\'x\') plt.ylabel(\'y\') plt.show()
2. 图例
在plot的时候指定label,然后调用legend方法可以绘制图例。例如:
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100) y1, y2 = np.sin(x), np.cos(x) plt.plot(x, y1, label=\'y = sin(x)\') plt.plot(x, y2, label=\'y = cos(x)\') plt.legend() plt.show()
legend方法可接受一个loc关键字参数来设定图例的位置,可取值为数字或字符串:
0: ‘best\'
1: ‘upper right\'
2: ‘upper left\'
3: ‘lower left\'
4: ‘lower right\'
5: ‘right\'
6: ‘center left\'
7: ‘center right\'
8: ‘lower center\'
9: ‘upper center\'
10: ‘center\'
3. 线的样式
(1)颜色
plot方法的关键字参数color(或c)用来设置线的颜色。可取值为:
1、颜色名称或简写
b: blue
g: green
r: red
c: cyan
m: magenta
y: yellow
k: black
w: white
2、#rrggbb
3、(r, g, b) 或 (r, g, b, a),其中 r g b a 取均为[0, 1]之间
4、[0, 1]之间的浮点数的字符串形式,表示灰度值。0表示黑色,1表示白色
(2)样式
plot方法的关键字参数linestyle(或ls)用来设置线的样式。可取值为:
- -, solid
- --, dashed
- -., dashdot
- :, dotted
- \'\', \' \', None
(3)粗细
设置plot方法的关键字参数linewidth(或lw)可以改变线的粗细,其值为浮点数。
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100) y1, y2 = np.sin(x), np.cos(x) plt.plot(x, y1, c=\'r\', ls=\'--\', lw=3) plt.plot(x, y2, c=\'#526922\', ls=\'-.\') plt.show()
4. marker
以下关键字参数可以用来设置marker的样式:
- marker
- markeredgecolor 或 mec
- markeredgewidth 或 mew
- markerfacecolor 或 mfc
- markerfacecoloralt 或 mfcalt
- markersize 或 ms
其中marker可取值为:
- \'.\': point marker
- \',\': pixel marker
- \'o\': circle marker
- \'v\': triangle_down marker
- \'^\': triangle_up marker
- \'<\': triangle_left marker
- \'>\': triangle_right marker
- \'1\': tri_down marker
- \'2\': tri_up marker
- \'3\': tri_left marker
- \'4\': tri_right marker
- \'s\': square marker
- \'p\': pentagon marker
- \'*\': star marker
- \'h\': hexagon1 marker
- \'H\': hexagon2 marker
- \'+\': plus marker
- \'x\': x marker
- \'D\': diamond marker
- \'d\': thin_diamond marker
- \'|\': vline marker
- \'_\': hline marker
例如:
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 10) y1, y2 = np.sin(x), np.cos(x) plt.plot(x, y1, marker=\'o\', mec=\'r\', mfc=\'w\') plt.plot(x, y2, marker=\'*\', ms=10) plt.show()
另外,marker关键字参数可以和color以及linestyle这两个关键字参数合并为一个字符串。例如:
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 10) y1, y2 = np.sin(x), np.cos(x) plt.plot(x, y1, \'ro-\') plt.plot(x, y2, \'g*:\', ms=10) plt.show()
The kwargs are Line2D properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| agg_filter | unknown |
| alpha | float (0.0 transparent through 1.0 opaque) |
| animated | [True | False] |
| antialiased or aa | [True | False] |
| axes | an Axes instance |
| clip_box | a matplotlib.transforms.Bbox instance |
| clip_on | [True | False] |
| clip_path | [ (Path, Transform) | Patch | None ] |
| color or c | any matplotlib color |
| contains | a callable function |
| dash_capstyle | [‘butt’ | ‘round’ | ‘projecting’] |
| dash_joinstyle | [‘miter’ | ‘round’ | ‘bevel’] |
| dashes | sequence of on/off ink in points |
| drawstyle | [‘default’ | ‘steps’ | ‘steps-pre’ | ‘steps-mid’ | ‘steps-post’] |
| figure | a matplotlib.figure.Figure instance |
| fillstyle | [‘full’ | ‘left’ | ‘right’ | ‘bottom’ | ‘top’ | ‘none’] |
| gid | an id string |
| label | string or anything printable with ‘%s’ conversion. |
| linestyle or ls | [\'-\' | \'--\' | \'-.\' | \':\' | \'None\' | \' \' | \'\'] |
| linewidth or lw | float value in points |
| lod | [True | False] |
| marker | A valid marker style |
| markeredgecolor or mec | any matplotlib color |
| markeredgewidth or mew | float value in points |
| markerfacecolor or mfc | any matplotlib color |
| markerfacecoloralt or mfcalt | any matplotlib color |
| markersize or ms | float |
| markevery | [None | int | length-2 tuple of int | slice | list/array of int | float | length-2 tuple of float] |
| path_effects | unknown |
| picker | float distance in points or callable pick function fn(artist, event) |
| pickradius | float distance in points |
| rasterized | [True | False | None] |
| sketch_params | unknown |
| snap | unknown |
| solid_capstyle | [‘butt’ | ‘round’ | ‘projecting’] |
| solid_joinstyle | [‘miter’ | ‘round’ | ‘bevel’] |
| transform | a matplotlib.transforms.Transform instance |
| url | a url string |
| visible | [True | False] |
| xdata | 1D array |
| ydata | 1D array |
| zorder | any number |
总结
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对我的支持。