python常用模块之shutil模块
shutil模块,高级的文件、文件夹、压缩包处理模块
1.shutil.copyfile(src,des[,length]):将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件
In [1]: import os # 导入os模块
In [2]: os.listdir() # 查看当前目录下的文件和目录
Out[2]:
[\'.XIM-unix\',
\'.X11-unix\',
\'.font-unix\',
\'.Test-unix\',
\'.ICE-unix\',
\'replaceContent.py\']
In [3]: import shutil # 导入shutil模块
In [4]: shutil.copyfileobj(open(\'replaceContent.py\',\'r\'),open(\'new_scripts.py\',\'w\')) # 以读的形式打开旧文件,再以写的形式写入新文件
In [5]: os.listdir()
Out[5]:
[\'.XIM-unix\',
\'.X11-unix\',
\'.font-unix\',
\'.Test-unix\',
\'.ICE-unix\',
\'replaceContent.py\',
\'new_scripts.py\']
2.shutil.copyfile(src,des):拷贝文件,目标文件无需存在
In [8]: shutil.copyfile("new_scripts.py","scripts.py") # 把旧文件拷贝成为新文件
Out[8]: \'scripts.py\'
In [9]: os.listdir()
Out[9]:
[\'.XIM-unix\',
\'.X11-unix\',
\'.font-unix\',
\'.Test-unix\',
\'.ICE-unix\',
\'replaceContent.py\',
\'new_scripts.py\',
\'scripts.py\'] # 内容和new_scripts.py一样
3.shutil.copymode(src,des):仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变,目标文件需要存在
# 现在当前目录创建test.py文件,并且将scripts.py权限修改为755
In [11]: shutil.copymode("scripts.py","test.py")
代码运行如下:
[root@host-10-200-137-195 tmp]# ll
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:21 new_scripts.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 8 09:47 replaceContent.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 May 9 17:26 test.py # 权限相同,但是内容没有复制过来,只复制权限
4.shutil.copystat():仅拷贝文件状态的信息,包括:mode bits atims mtime flags,目标文件必须存在
In [12]: shutil.copystat("scripts.py","test.py")
代码运行如下:
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 May 9 17:24 test.py # 除了文件内容不一样,其余都是差不多的
5.shutil.copy(src,des):拷贝文件和权限
In [13]: shutil.copy("scripts.py","test.py")
Out[13]: \'test.py\'
代码运行如下:
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:21 new_scripts.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 8 09:47 replaceContent.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:33 test.py # 只拷贝了文件内容和权限
6.shutil.copy2():拷贝文件和状态信息
# 此时删除test.py文件
In [14]: shutil.copy2("scripts.py","test.py")
Out[14]: \'test.py\'
代码运行如下:
[root@host-10-200-137-195 tmp]# ll
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:21 new_scripts.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 8 09:47 replaceContent.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 test.py
7.shutil.copytree(src,des):递归的去拷贝文件夹,目标目录不能存在
# 首先在/tmp目录下创建a.txt文件
In [19]: shutil.copytree(\'/tmp/\',\'/a/b/c/\',ignore = shutil.ignore_patterns("*.py"))
Out[19]: \'/a/b/c/\'
代码运行如下:
[root@host-10-200-137-195 c]# pwd
/a/b/c
[root@host-10-200-137-195 c]# ls
a.txt
# 要对/a/b/c目录有写权限
# ignore代表排除
8.shutil.retree(src):递归的删除文件
In [20]: shutil.rmtree(\'/a/b/c/\') # 只需一条命令,就删除了目录
9.shutil.move(src,des):递归的去移动文件,它类似mv命令,其实就是重命名
In [21]: shutil.move(\'test.py\',\'new_test.py\')
Out[21]: \'new_test.py\'
In [22]: ll
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 May 9 17:39 a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 1149 May 9 17:21 new_scripts.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root 1149 May 9 17:24 new_test.py*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 1149 May 8 09:47 replaceContent.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py*
10.shutil.make_archive(base_name,format,root_dir):创建压缩包并返回文件路径
- base_name:压缩包的文件名,也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时,则保存到当前目录,否则保存刀片指定的目录
- format:压缩包种类,例如:"zip","tar","bztar","gztar"
- root_dir:要压缩的文件夹路径(默认当前目录)
- owner:用户,默认当前用户
- group:组,默认当前组
- logger:用于记录日志,通常时logging.Logger对象
举例看一下:
# 将/tmp下的文件打包放置当前程序目录,压缩包名为yasuo
In [26]: shutil.make_archive("yasuo",\'zip\',\'/tmp\')
Out[26]: \'/tmp/yasuo.zip\'
代码运行结果:
[root@host-10-200-137-195 tmp]# ll
total 24
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 9 17:39 a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:21 new_scripts.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 new_test.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 8 09:47 replaceContent.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4950 May 9 17:59 yasuo.zip
[root@host-10-200-137-195 tmp]# unzip yasuo.zip # 文件已经存在,解压问是否覆盖?
Archive: yasuo.zip
replace replaceContent.py? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one, [r]ename: y
inflating: replaceContent.py
replace new_scripts.py? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one, [r]ename: y
inflating: new_scripts.py
replace scripts.py? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one, [r]ename: y
inflating: scripts.py
replace a.txt? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one, [r]ename: y
inflating: a.txt
replace new_test.py? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one, [r]ename: y
inflating: new_test.py
replace yasuo.zip? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one, [r]ename: y
inflating: yasuo.zip
[root@host-10-200-137-195 tmp]# ll
total 20
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 9 17:39 a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:21 new_scripts.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 new_test.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 8 09:47 replaceContent.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3319 May 9 17:59 yasuo.zip
我们也可以将/tmp目录下的文件打包放在/opt目录下重新命名:
In [29]: shutil.make_archive("/opt/aaa",\'gztar\',\'/tmp\')
Out[29]: \'/opt/aaa.tar.gz\'
运行结果:
[root@host-10-200-137-195 opt]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2120 May 9 18:04 aaa.tar.gz
[root@host-10-200-137-195 opt]# ll -a
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 23 May 9 18:04 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 19 root root 4096 May 9 18:03 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2120 May 9 18:04 aaa.tar.gz
[root@host-10-200-137-195 opt]# tar -zxvf aaa.tar.gz
./
./.XIM-unix/
./.X11-unix/
./.font-unix/
./.Test-unix/
./.ICE-unix/
./replaceContent.py
./new_scripts.py
./scripts.py
./a.txt
./new_test.py
./yasuo.zip
shutil对压缩包的处理是通过ZipFile和TarFile两个模块进行的,详细:
zipfile 压缩&解压缩
压缩:
In [1]: import zipfile # 导入这个模块
In [2]: z = zipfile.ZipFile("压缩.zip",\'w\')
In [3]: z.write(\'a.txt\') # 写入的内容应该是文件名
In [4]: z.write(\'new_test.py\')
In [5]: z.close() # 关闭
此时运行完毕后,会在/tmp 的目录下生成"压缩.zip"文件
解压缩:先删除a.txt和new_test.py文件
In [10]: z = zipfile.ZipFile(\'压缩.zip\',\'r\')
In [12]: z.extractall(\'.\') # 表示在当前目录下完成解压
In [13]: z.close()
那么在关闭的时候,文件就已经都回来了。不信你看:
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 9 18:14 a.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:21 new_scripts.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 9 18:14 new_test.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1149 May 8 09:47 replaceContent.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1149 May 9 17:24 scripts.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1355 May 9 18:10 压缩.zip
tarfile压缩和解压缩
压缩:
In [1]: import tarfile
In [2]: t = tarfile.open("/opt/yasuo.tar",\'w\')
In [3]: t.add(\'a.txt\',arcname="a.txt.bak") # 把a.txt.bak文件放到yasuo.tar进行压缩
In [4]: t.close()
代码运行完,就在/opt的目录下创建了yasuo.tar文件了
解压缩:
In [6]: t = tarfile.open(\'/opt/yasuo.tar\',\'r\')
In [7]: t.extractall(\'/tmp\') # 将它解压到/tmp目录下
In [8]: t.close()
此时,a.txt.tar已经回到/tmp目录下了。