自然语言处理(NLP)是人工智能研究中极具挑战的一个分支。随着深度学习等技术的引入,NLP领域正在以前所未有的速度向前发展。但对于初学者来说,这一领域目前有哪些研究和资源是必读的?最近,Kyubyong Park 为我们整理了一份完整列表。
GitHub 项目链接:_tasks
本人从事自然语言处理任务(NLP)的研究已经有很长时间了,有一天我想到,我需要为庞大的 NLP领域做一个概览,我知道自己肯定不是想要一睹 NLP 任务的全貌的第一个人。
我曾竭尽所能的研究过尽可能多种类型的 NLP 任务,但由于个人知识的局限,我承认还远远没有穷尽整个领域。目前,该项目选取的参考文献都偏重最新的深度学习研究成果。我希望这些能为想要深入钻研一个 NLP 任务的人们提供一个开端。这个项目将持续更新,不过,我更希望与更多人合作。如果你有意愿的话,欢迎对这个项目作出贡献。
回指解析
- See Coreference Resolution (_tasks#coreference-resolution)
自动作文评分
- 论文:AutomaticText Scoring Using Neural Networks (9)
- 论文:ANeural Approach to Automated Essay Scoring(y/D/D16/D16-1193.pdf)
- 竞赛:Kaggle:The Hewlett Foundation: Automated Essay Scoring(kaggle.com/c/asap-aes)
- 项目:EnhancedAI Scoring Engine(github.com/edx/ease)
自动语音识别
- WIKI Speech recognition(peech_recognition)
- 论文:DeepSpeech 2: End-to-End Speech Recognition in English and Mandarin(5)
- 论文:WaveNet:A Generative Model for Raw Audio (9)
- 项目:A TensorFlow implementation of Baidu's DeepSpeech architecture(Speech)
- 项目:Speech-to-Text-WaveNet: End-to-end sentence level English speech recognition using DeepMind's WaveNet(/speech-to-text-wavenet)
- 竞赛:The 5thCHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge(hime_challenge/)
- 资源:The 5thCHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge(hime_challenge/download.html)
- 资源:CSTRVCTK Corpus(jyamagis/page3/page58/page58.html)
- 资源:LibriSpeechASR corpus (openslr.org/12/)
- 资源:Switchboard-1Telephone Speech Corpus (dc97s62)
- 资源:TED-LIUMCorpus (/en/content/ted-lium-corpus)
自动摘要
- WIKI Automatic summarization (utomatic_summarization)
- 书籍:AutomaticText Summarization (xt-Summarization-Juan-Manuel-Torres-Moreno/dp/1848216688/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1507782304&sr=1-1&keywords=Automatic+Text+Summarization)
- 论文:TextSummarization Using Neural Networks(iewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.823.8025&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
- 论文:Rankingwith Recursive Neural Networks and Its Application to Multi-DocumentSummarization(AAAI/AAAI15/paper/viewFile/9414/9520)
- 资源:TextAnalytics Conferences(TAC)(.html)
- 资源:DocumentUnderstanding Conferences (DUC)(ects/duc/data.html)
指代消解
- INFO Coreference Resolution(ts/coref.shtml)
- 论文:DeepReinforcement Learning for Mention-Ranking Coreference Models(7)
- 论文:ImprovingCoreference Resolution by Learning Entity-Level Distributed Representations(3)
- 竞赛:CoNLL2012 Shared Task: Modeling Multilingual Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes(/task-description.html)
- 竞赛:CoNLL2011 Shared Task: Modeling Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes(/task-description.html)
实体链接
- 见「命名实体消歧」部分
语法错误纠正
- 论文:NeuralNetwork Translation Models for Grammatical Error Correction(9)
- 竞赛:CoNLL-2013Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction(nll13st.html)
- 竞赛:CoNLL-2014Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction(nll14st.html)
- 资源:NUSNon-commercial research/trial corpus license(nll14st/nucle_license.pdf)
- 资源:Lang-8Learner Corpora(-8/)
- 资源:CornellMovie--Dialogs Corpus (n/Cornell_Movie-Dialogs_Corpus.html)
- 项目:DeepText Corrector(-text-corrector)
- 产品:deepgrammar(deepgrammar.com/)
字素音素转换
- 论文:Grapheme-to-PhonemeModels for (Almost) Any Language(/b9c8/fef9b6f16b92c6859f6106524fdb053e9577.pdf)
- 论文:PolyglotNeural Language Models: A Case Study in Cross-Lingual Phonetic RepresentationLearning (2.pdf)
- 论文:MultitaskSequence-to-Sequence Models for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion(/26d0/09959fa2b2e18cddb5783493738a1c1ede2f.pdf)
- 项目:Sequence-to-Sequence G2P toolkit (p-seq2seq)
- 资源:Multilingual Pronunciation Data(folders/0B7R_gATfZJ2aWkpSWHpXUklWUmM)
语种猜测
- 见「语种辨别」部分
语种辨别
- WIKI Language identification (anguage_identification)
- 论文:AUTOMATICLANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION USING DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS(tream/handle/10486/666848/automatic_lopez-moreno_ICASSP_2014_ps.pdf?sequence=1)
- 竞赛: 2015Language Recognition Evaluation (15-language-recognition-evaluation)
语言建模
- WIKI Language model (anguage_model)
- 工具包: KenLMLanguage Model Toolkit (m/)
- 论文:DistributedRepresentations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality(21-distributed-representations-of-words-and-phrases-and-their-compositionality.pdf)
- 论文:Character-AwareNeural Language Models(AAAI/AAAI16/paper/viewFile/12489/12017)
- 资源: PennTreebank (ataset-from-Tomas-Mikolov-s-webpage/tree/master/data)
语种识别
- 见「语种辨别」部分
同一词类
- WIKI Lemmatisation (emmatisation)
- 论文: JointLemmatization and Morphological Tagging with LEMMING(f/emnlp_2015.pdf)
- 工具包:WordNet Lemmatizer(html#nltk.stem.wordnet.WordNetLemmatizer.lemmatize)
- 资源:Treebank-3 (dc99t42)
观唇辨意
- WIKI Lip reading (ip_reading)
- 论文:LipReading Sentences in the Wild (8)
- 论文:3DConvolutional Neural Networks for Cross Audio-Visual Matching Recognition(9)
- 项目: LipReading - Cross Audio-Visual Recognition using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks(reading-deeplearning)
- 资源: TheGRID audiovisual sentence corpus (ridcorpus/)
机器翻译
- 论文:NeuralMachine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate(arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473)
- 论文:NeuralMachine Translation in Linear Time (9)
- 论文:2)
- 竞赛: ACL2014 NINTH WORKSHOP ON STATISTICAL MACHINE TRANSLATION(ation-task.html#download)
- 竞赛: EMNLP2017 SECOND CONFERENCE ON MACHINE TRANSLATION (WMT17)(ation-task.html)
- 资源:OpenSubtitles2016 (Subtitles2016.php)
- 资源: WIT3:Web Inventory of Transcribed and Translated Talks (wit3.fbk.eu/)
- 资源: TheQCRI Educational Domain (QED) Corpus(qedcorpus/)
生成词法变化
- WIKI Inflection (nflection)
- 论文:MorphologicalInflection Generation Using Character Sequence to Sequence Learning(0)
- 竞赛:SIGMORPHON 2016 Shared Task: Morphological Reinflection(/sigmorphon2016/)
- 资源:sigmorphon2016 (l/sigmorphon2016)
命名实体消歧
- WIKI Entity linking (ntity_linking)
- 论文:Robustand Collective Entity Disambiguation through Semantic Embeddings(pdf/Sigir_2016.pdf)
命名实体识别
- WIKI Named-entity recognition (amed-entity_recognition)
- 论文:NeuralArchitectures for Named Entity Recognition (0)
- 项目: OSUTwitter NLP Tools (ter_nlp)
- 竞赛: NamedEntity Recognition in Twitter (16/ner-shared-task.html)
- 竞赛: CoNLL2002 Language-Independent Named Entity Recognition(ll2002/ner/)
- 竞赛:Introduction to the CoNLL-2003 Shared Task: Language-Independent Named EntityRecognition (3-0419)
- 资源:CoNLL-2002 NER corpus(ree/master/resources/corpora/conll2002)
- 资源:CoNLL-2003 NER corpus (ree/master/corpus/CoNLL-2003)
- 资源: NUTNamed Entity Recognition in Twitter Shared task(ter_nlp/tree/master/data/annotated/wnut16)
释义检测
- 论文:DynamicPooling and Unfolding Recursive Autoencoders for Paraphrase Detection(iewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.650.7199&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
- 项目:Paralex: Paraphrase-Driven Learning for Open Question Answering(/paralex/)
- 资源:Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus (nload/details.aspx?id=52398)
- 资源:Microsoft Research Video Description Corpus (nload/details.aspx?id=52422&from=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownloads%2F38cf15fd-b8df-477e-a4e4-a4680caa75af%2F)
- 资源: PascalDataset (kenmaierGroup/pascal-sentences/index.html)
- 资源:Flicker Dataset (kenmaierGroup/8k-pictures.html)
- 资源: TheSICK data set (poses/sick.html)
- 资源: PPDB:The Paraphrase Database (/)
- 资源:WikiAnswers Paraphrase Corpus(/paralex/wikianswers-paraphrases-1.0.tar.gz)
语法分析
- WIKI Parsing (arsing)
- 工具包: TheStanford Parser: A statistical parser (re/lex-parser.shtml)
- 工具包: spaCyparser (endency-parse)
- 论文:A fastand accurate dependency parser using neural networks(4-1082)
- 竞赛: CoNLL2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies (/conll17/)
- 竞赛: CoNLL2016 Shared Task: Multilingual Shallow Discourse Parsing(nll16st/)
- 竞赛: CoNLL2015 Shared Task: Shallow Discourse Parsing(nll15st/)
- 竞赛:SemEval-2016 Task 8: The meaning representations may be abstract, but this taskis concrete! (6/task8/)
词性标记
- WIKI Part-of-speech tagging (art-of-speech_tagging)
- 论文:MultilingualPart-of-Speech Tagging with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Models andAuxiliary Loss (9.pdf)
- 论文:UnsupervisedPart-Of-Speech Tagging with Anchor Hidden Markov Models(php/tacl/article/viewFile/837/192)
- 资源:Treebank-3 (dc99t42)
- 工具包:nltk.tag package (tml)
拼音-中文转换
- 论文:NeuralNetwork Language Model for Chinese Pinyin Input Method Engine(5-1052)
- 项目: NeuralChinese Transliterator(ral_chinese_transliterator)
问答系统
- WIKI Question answering (uestion_answering)
- 论文:Ask MeAnything: Dynamic Memory Networks for Natural Language Processing(eston/ram/papers/paper_21.pdf)
- 论文:DynamicMemory Networks for Visual and Textual Question Answering(48/xiong16.pdf)
- 竞赛: TRECQuestion Answering Task (in.html)
- 竞赛:NTCIR-8: Advanced Cross-lingual Information Access (ACLIA)(cir8/Home)
- 竞赛: CLEFQuestion Answering Track (nlp.uned.es/clef-qa/)
- 竞赛:SemEval-2017 Task 3: Community Question Answering(7/task3/)
- 资源: MSMARCO: Microsoft MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset(msmarco.org/)
- 资源:Maluuba NewsQA (qa)
- 资源: SQuAD:100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text(AD-explorer/)
- 资源:GraphQuestions: A Characteristic-rich Question Answering Dataset(hQuestions)
- 资源: StoryCloze Test and ROCStories Corpora (cstories/)
- 资源:Microsoft Research WikiQA Corpus (nload/details.aspx?id=52419&from=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownloads%2F4495da01-db8c-4041-a7f6-7984a4f6a905%2Fdefault.aspx)
- 资源:DeepMind Q&A Dataset (cs.nyu.edu/~kcho/DMQA/)
- 资源: QASent(mengqiu/data/qg-emnlp07-data.tgz)
关系提取
- WIKI Relationship extraction (elationship_extraction)
- 论文:A deeplearning approach for relationship extraction from interaction context insocial manufacturing paradigm(ce/article/pii/S0950705116001210)
语义角色标注
- WIKI Semantic role labeling (emantic_role_labeling)
- 书籍:Semantic Role Labeling (eling-Synthesis-Lectures-Technologies/dp/1598298313/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1507776173&sr=1-1&keywords=Semantic+Role+Labeling)
- 论文:End-to-endLearning of Semantic Role Labeling Using Recurrent Neural Networks(P15/P15-1109.pdf)
- 论文:NeuralSemantic Role Labeling with Dependency Path Embeddi ngs(5)
- 竞赛:CoNLL-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling(05/st05.html)
- 竞赛:CoNLL-2004 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling(04/st04.html)
- 工具包:Illinois Semantic Role Labeler (SRL)(re_view/SRL)
- 资源:CoNLL-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling(ft.html)
语句边界消歧
- WIKI Sentence boundary disambiguation(entence_boundary_disambiguation)
- 论文:AQuantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Sentence Boundary Detection for theClinical Domain (ticles/PMC5001746/)
- 工具包: NLTKTokenizers (tokenize.html)
- 资源: TheBritish National Corpus (natcorp.ox.ac.uk/)
- 资源:Switchboard-1 Telephone Speech Corpus (dc97s62)
情绪分析
- WIKI Sentiment analysis (entiment_analysis)
- INFO Awesome Sentiment Analysis (e-sentiment-analysis)
- 竞赛:Kaggle: UMICH SI650 - Sentiment Classification(r11#description)
- 竞赛:SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter(7/task4/)
- 竞赛:SemEval-2017 Task 5: Fine-Grained Sentiment Analysis on Financial Microblogsand News (7/task5/)
- 项目:SenticNet (sentic.net/about/)
- 资源:Multi-Domain Sentiment Dataset (version2.0)(asets/sentiment/)
- 资源:Stanford Sentiment Treebank (ent/code.html)
- 资源:Twitter Sentiment Corpus (itter-sentiment/)
- 资源:Twitter Sentiment Analysis Training Corpus (entiment-analysis-training-corpus-dataset-2012-09-22/)
- 资源: AFINN:List of English words rated for valence(iews/publication_details.php?id=6010)
源分离
- WIKI Source separation (ource_separation)
- 论文:FromBlind to Guided Audio Source Separation (/hal-00922378/document)
- 论文:JointOptimization of Masks and Deep Recurrent Neural Networks for Monaural SourceSeparation (9)
- 竞赛: SignalSeparation Evaluation Campaign (SiSEC)(sisec.inria.fr/)
- 竞赛: CHiMESpeech Separation and Recognition Challenge(hime_challenge/)
说话人认证
- 见「说话人识别」部分
语音身份分离
- WIKI Speaker diarisation (peaker_diarisation)
- 论文:DNN-basedspeaker clustering for speaker diarisation(/109281/1/milner_is16.pdf)
- 论文:UnsupervisedMethods for Speaker Diarization: An Integrated and Iterative Approach(s/publications/2013/Shum_IEEE_Oct-2013.pdf)
- 论文:Audio-VisualSpeaker Diarization Based on Spatiotemporal Bayesian Fusion(5.pdf)
- 竞赛: RichTranscription Evaluation (ch-transcription-evaluation)
说话人识别
- WIKI Speaker recognition (peaker_recognition)
- 论文:A NOVELSCHEME FOR SPEAKER RECOGNITION USING A PHONETICALLY-AWARE DEEP NEURAL NETWORK(/204a/ff8e21791c0a4113a3f75d0e6424a003c321.pdf)
- 论文:DEEPNEURAL NETWORKS FOR SMALL FOOTPRINT TEXT-DEPENDENT SPEAKER VERIFICATION(/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/41939.pdf)
- 竞赛: NISTSpeaker Recognition Evaluation (SRE)(eaker-recognition)
- INFO Are there any suggestions for free databases for speakerrecognition?(re_there_any_suggestions_for_free_databases_for_speaker_recognition)
唇读
- 见「观唇辨意」部分
语音识别
- 见「自动语音识别」部分
语音分割
- WIKI Speech_segmentation (peech_segmentation)
- 论文:WordSegmentation by 8-Month-Olds: When Speech Cues Count More Than Statistics(child-centre/sites/files/infant-child-centre/public/shared/elizabeth-johnson/Johnson_Jusczyk.pdf)
- 论文:UnsupervisedWord Segmentation and Lexicon Discovery Using Acoustic Word Embeddings (5)
- 论文:UnsupervisedLexicon Discovery from Acoustic Inpu(y/Q/Q15/Q15-1028.pdf)
- 论文:Weaklysupervised spoken term discovery using cross-lingual side information(l/files/29957958/1609.06530v1.pdf)
- 资源:CALLHOME Spanish Speech (dc96s35)
语音合成
- WIKI Speech synthesis (peech_synthesis)
- 论文:WaveNet:A Generative Model for Raw Audio (9)
- 论文:Tacotron:Towards End-to-End Speech Synthesis (5)
- 论文:DeepVoice 2: Multi-Speaker Neural Text-to-Speech(7)
- 资源: TheWorld English Bible (otron)
- 资源: LJSpeech Dataset (otron)
- 资源: LessacData (blizzard/2011/lessac_blizzard2011/)
- 竞赛:Blizzard Challenge 2017 (izzard_Challenge_2017)
- PRODUCT Lyrebird (lyrebird.ai/)
- 项目: TheFestvox project (festvox.org/index.html)
- 工具包:Merlin: The Neural Network (NN) based Speech Synthesis System(gh/merlin)
语音增强
- WIKI Speech enhancement (peech_enhancement)
- 书籍: Speechenhancement: theory and practice (cement-Theory-Practice-Second/dp/1466504218/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1507874199&sr=8-1&keywords=Speech+enhancement%3A+theory+and+practice)
- 论文 AnExperimental Study on Speech Enhancement BasedonDeepNeuralNetwork(u/Speech%20signal%20processing/publications/SPL2014_Xu.pdf)
- 论文: ARegression Approach to Speech Enhancement BasedonDeepNeuralNetworks(e/Yong_Xu63/publication/272436458_A_Regression_Approach_to_Speech_Enhancement_Based_on_Deep_Neural_Networks/links/57fdfdda08aeaf819a5bdd97.pdf)
- 论文: SpeechEnhancement Based on Deep Denoising Autoencoder(e/Yu_Tsao/publication/283600839_Speech_enhancement_based_on_deep_denoising_Auto-Encoder/links/577b486108ae213761c9c7f8/Speech-enhancement-based-on-deep-denoising-Auto-Encoder.pdf)
语音文本转换
- 见「自动语音识别」部分
口语的术语检测
- 见「语音分割」部分
词干提取
- WIKI Stemming (temming)
- 论文: ABACKPROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK TO IMPROVE ARABIC STEMMING(No3/7Vol82No3.pdf)
- 工具包: NLTKStemmers (l)
术语提取
- WIKI Terminology extraction (erminology_extraction)
- 论文: NeuralAttention Models for Sequence Classification: Analysis and Application to KeyTerm Extraction and Dialogue Act Detection (7.pdf)
文本简化
- WIKI Text simplification (ext_simplification)
- 论文:Aligning Sentences from Standard Wikipedia to Simple Wikipedia(~hannaneh/papers/simplification.pdf)
- 论文:Problems in Current Text Simplification Research: New Data Can Help(/2b8d/a013966c0c5e020ebc842d49d8ed166c8783.pdf)
- 资源:Newsela Data (newsela.com/data/)
文本语音转换
- 见「语音合成」部分
文本蕴涵
- WIKI Textual entailment (extual_entailment)
- 项目:Textual Entailment with TensorFlow (t/Entailment-with-Tensorflow)
- 论文:Textual Entailment with Structured Attentions and Composition(6.pdf)
- 竞赛:SemEval-2014 Task 1: Evaluation of compositional distributional semantic modelson full sentences through semantic relatedness and textual entailment(4/task1/)
- 竞赛:SemEval-2013 Task 7: The Joint Student Response Analysis and 8th RecognizingTextual Entailment Challenge (013/task7.html)
声音转换
- 论文:PHONETIC POSTERIORGRAMS FOR MANY-TO-ONE VOICE CONVERSION WITHOUT PARALLEL DATATRAINING(cl/publications/pub/2016_paper_297.pdf)
- 项目: Animplementation of voice conversion system utilizing phonetic posteriorgrams(/ppg_vc)
- 竞赛: VoiceConversion Challenge 2016 (6/index.html)
- 竞赛: VoiceConversion Challenge 2018 (vc-challenge.org/)
- 资源:CMU_ARCTIC speech synthesis databases (festvox.org/cmu_arctic/)
- 资源: TIMITAcoustic-Phonetic Continuous Speech Corpus(dc93s1)
声音识别
- 见「说话人识别」部分
词嵌入
- WIKI Word embedding (ord_embedding)
- 工具包:Gensim: word2vec (/models/word2vec.html)
- 工具包:fastText (arch/fastText)
- 工具包: GloVe:Global Vectors for Word Representation(ts/glove/)
- INFO Where to get a pretrained model (c-api)
- 项目:Pre-trained word vectors of 30+ languages(dvectors)
- 项目:Polyglot: Distributed word representations for multilingual NLP(myeid/projects/polyglot)
词预测
- INFO What is Word Prediction? (ry/wp/what_is.htm)
- 论文: Theprediction of character based on recurrent neural network language model(mp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7960065)
- 论文: AnEmbedded Deep Learning based Word Prediction(2)
- 论文:Evaluating Word Prediction: Framing Keystroke Savings(8-2066)
- 资源: AnEmbedded Deep Learning based Word Prediction(dPrediction/master.zip)
- 项目: WordPrediction using Convolutional Neural Networks—can you do better than iPhone™Keyboard? (d_prediction)
词分割
- WIKI Word segmentation(ext_segmentation#Segmentation_problems)
- 论文: NeuralWord Segmentation Learning for Chinese (0)
- 项目:Convolutional neural network for Chinese word segmentation(vseg)
- 工具包:Stanford Word Segmenter (re/segmenter.html)
- 工具包: NLTKTokenizers (tokenize.html)
词义消歧
- 资源:Word-sense disambiguation (ord-sense_disambiguation)
- 论文:Train-O-Matic: Large-Scale Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation in MultipleLanguages without Manual Training Data (7-1008)
- 资源:Train-O-Matic Data (ain-o-matic-data.zip)
- 资源:BabelNet (babelnet.org/)