基本数据类型
数字 int
字符串 str
布尔值 bool
列表 list
元组 tuple
字典 dict
数据类型关系图
查看一个对象的类
如：如查看对象变量a是什么类 用到函数type(),函数值是要查看的对象变量
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = "nih" 4 b = type(a) 5 print(b)
如上就会输出：<type 'str'> str是字符串类
查看一个对象类的类库
如上列，查到对象的类后，将类名称写在下面，按着ctrl键用鼠标点击这个类名称，就可以进入这个类的类库
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = "nih" 4 b = type(a) 5 print(b) 6 str #按着ctrl键用鼠标点击这个类名称，就可以进入这个类的类库
每一个类的类库里都有操作对象的各种功能
如：将小写字母转换大写字母
调用功能书写格式：（对象变量.功能函数)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
3 a = "nih"
4 b = a.upper()
5 print(b)
如上列a为字符串类的对象变量，upper()为字符串类的类库功能函数，b=a.upper() 打印b就将字符串转换成大写的了，输出NIH
查看一个对象功能函数
如：上列
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = "nih" 4 b = a.upper() #按着ctrl键用鼠标点击这个对象功能函数，就可以进入这个类的类库，找到对应的函数源码 5 print(b)
按着ctrl键用鼠标点击这个对象功能函数，就可以进入这个类的类库，找到对应的函数源码
查看一个对象的类库里具备哪些功能
如：
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = "nih" 4 b = dir(a) 5 print(b) 6 #运行后打印出对象类库的所有具备功能
这样就会得到：['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__',等等
查看一个对象类库的所有功能与详情使用方法等
如：
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = "nih" 4 b = help(type(a)) 5 print(b) 6 #运行后打印出对象类库的所有具备功能
基本数据，对象类库里的常用功能
注意:对象类库里的功能函数，前后带有下划线的为特殊函数，是python程序的内置函数
如： __add__
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = 123 4 b = 456 5 print(a + b) 6 #如上列，其实内部计算流程是 7 a = 123 8 b = 456 9 print(a.__add__(b)) 10 #所以两个结果是一样的
所以目前可以不用管它
打印出对象在内存的地址
id()
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = 123 4 b = id(a) 5 print(b) 6 #打印出对象在内存的地址 1422458480
1.整数，int
创建整数对象
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = 123 4 print(a) 5 #或者 6 b = int(123) 7 print(b)
特别说明：所有以类名称加（）创建的一个类对象都是执行的类库里的（__init__ ）这个功能,初始化的意思
如：
int(123) 执行的对应功能是 __init__
然而 a = 123 又是转换成 a = int(123) 最后还是执行的__init__ 这个功能
其他类也是如此，每一个类都有__init__ 初始化
__add__() 相加 格式：a.__add__(b)
bit_length() 取二进制的最小表示位数（返回多少位） 格式：a.bit_length()
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 a = 4 4 b = a.bit_length() 5 print(b)
class int(object): """ int(x=0) -> int or long int(x, base=10) -> int or long Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. >>> int('0b100', base=0) 4 """ def bit_length(self): """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """ """ int.bit_length() -> int Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary. >>> bin(37) '0b100101' >>> (37).bit_length() 6 """ return 0 def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """ """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """ pass def __abs__(self): """ 返回绝对值 """ """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ pass def __add__(self, y): """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ pass def __and__(self, y): """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ pass def __cmp__(self, y): """ 比较两个数大小 """ """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ pass def __coerce__(self, y): """ 强制生成一个元组 """ """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ pass def __divmod__(self, y): """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """ """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ pass def __div__(self, y): """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __float__(self): """ 转换为浮点类型 """ """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ pass def __floordiv__(self, y): """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ pass def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def __getattribute__(self, name): """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ pass def __hash__(self): """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。""" """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ pass def __hex__(self): """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """ pass def __index__(self): """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """ """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """ pass def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__ """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """ """ int(x=0) -> int or long int(x, base=10) -> int or long Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. >>> int('0b100', base=0) 4 # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __int__(self): """ 转换为整数 """ """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ pass def __invert__(self): """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """ pass def __long__(self): """ 转换为长整数 """ """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ pass def __lshift__(self, y): """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """ pass def __mod__(self, y): """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ pass def __mul__(self, y): """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """ pass def __neg__(self): """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(S, *more): """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ pass def __nonzero__(self): """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """ pass def __oct__(self): """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """ pass def __or__(self, y): """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ pass def __pos__(self): """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ pass def __pow__(self, y, z=None): """ 幂，次方 """ """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __radd__(self, y): """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ pass def __rand__(self, y): """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ pass def __rdivmod__(self, y): """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ pass def __rdiv__(self, y): """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __repr__(self): """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """ """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ pass def __str__(self): """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式""" """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ pass def __rfloordiv__(self, y): """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ pass def __rlshift__(self, y): """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """ pass def __rmod__(self, y): """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ pass def __rmul__(self, y): """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """ pass def __ror__(self, y): """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ pass def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass def __rrshift__(self, y): """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """ pass def __rshift__(self, y): """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """ pass def __rsub__(self, y): """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ pass def __rtruediv__(self, y): """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass def __rxor__(self, y): """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ pass def __sub__(self, y): """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ pass def __truediv__(self, y): """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """ pass def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """ pass def __xor__(self, y): """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ pass denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 分母 = 1 """ """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms""" imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 虚数，无意义 """ """the imaginary part of a complex number""" numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 分子 = 数字大小 """ """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms""" real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 实属，无意义 """ """the real part of a complex number"""