在前面的文章中,我们讨论了如何实现通用类型的链表,方法是用void *类型的指针,指向数据。那么还有其他的方法吗(不考虑内核链表)?
答案是肯定的。用零长数组也可以实现。
struct node_info
{
struct node_info *next;
struct node_info *prev;
char data[0];
};
这里的最后一个元素,是元素个数为0的数组。其不占用任何空间,甚至是一个指针的空间都不占!
注意:在标准C和C++中,长度为0的数组是被禁止使用的。不过在GNU C中,存在一个非常奇怪的用法,那就是长度为0的数组。
在一个结构体的最后 ,定义一个长度为0的数组,就可以使得这个结构体是可变长的。对于编译器来说,这个长度为0的数组并不占用空间,因为数组名本身不占空间,它只是一个偏移量, 数组名这个符号本身代
表了一个不可修改的地址常量
先来看看整个代码的头文件吧
#pragma once
struct node_info
{
struct node_info *next;
struct node_info *prev;
char data[0];
};
struct student
{
char name[20];
unsigned char age;
};//for test
//有头双向循环链表
struct dlist_info
{
struct node_info *head;
void (*add_head)(struct dlist_info *info,
const void *data, size_t size);
void (*add_tail)(struct dlist_info *info,
const void *data, size_t size);
void (*del)(struct node_info *node);
struct node_info* (*find)(struct dlist_info *info,
int (*compare)(void *dest_data, void *key_data), void *key_data);
void (*for_each_safe)(struct dlist_info *info,void (*todo)(struct node_info *));
};
int dlist_init(struct dlist_info *info);
void dlist_destroy(struct dlist_info *info);
#define node_init(node) \
do\
{\
(node)->next = (node);\
(node)->prev = (node);\
}while(0)
#define dlist_is_empty(info) \
((info)->head->next == (info)->head)
接下来我们实现一些方法
1.头插
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "dlist.h"
/* 有头循环双链表*/
static void dlist_add_head(struct dlist_info *info,
const void *my_data, size_t size)
{
assert(info != NULL && my_data != NULL);
if (size == 0) {
return ;
}
struct node_info *new_node = (struct node_info *)malloc(sizeof(struct node_info) + size);
if (new_node == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
return ;
}
//数据域,内存拷贝
memmove(new_node->data, my_data, size);
//指针域修改
new_node->next = info->head->next;
new_node->prev = info->head;
info->head->next = new_node;
new_node->next->prev = new_node;
}size 表示数据域占用了多少个字节。memmove(new_node->data, my_data, size); 这句话把用户的数据拷贝到了结构体的最后。关于指针域的修改,是不是有点绕呢?没有关系,画图就明白了。
2.尾插
static void dlist_add_tail(struct dlist_info *info,
const void *my_data, size_t size)
{
assert(info != NULL && my_data != NULL);
if (size == 0) {
return ;
}
struct node_info *new_node = (struct node_info *)malloc(sizeof(struct node_info) + size);
if (new_node == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
return ;
}
//数据域,内存拷贝
memmove(new_node->data, my_data, size);
//指针域修改
new_node->next = info->head;
new_node->prev = info->head->prev;
info->head->prev->next = new_node;
info->head->prev = new_node;
}
3.删除
static void dlist_del(struct node_info *node)
{
assert(node != NULL);
node->next->prev = node->prev;
node->prev->next = node->next;
node_init(node);
free(node);
}因为申请空间的时候是带着size一起申请的,所以这里的释放就全部释放了,不存在内存泄漏。
4.查找
static struct node_info *dlist_find(struct dlist_info *info,
int (*key)(void *dest_data, void *key_data), void *key_data)
{
assert(info != NULL && key != NULL);
if (dlist_is_empty(info)) {
fprintf(stderr, "dlist is empty\n");
return NULL;
}
struct node_info *cur = NULL;
for (cur = info->head->next; cur != info->head;
cur = cur->next) {
if (key(cur->data, key_data) != 0) {
return cur;
}
}
return NULL;
}
回调函数需要用户自己实现,不用多说。
5.安全遍历
static void dlist_for_each_safe(struct dlist_info *info,
void (*todo)(struct node_info *))
{
assert(info != NULL && todo != NULL);
struct node_info *cur = NULL;
struct node_info *Next = NULL;
for (cur = info->head->next; cur != info->head;
cur = Next) {
Next = cur->next;
todo(cur);
}
}
6.构造和析构
int dlist_init(struct dlist_info *info)
{
info->head = (struct node_info *)malloc(sizeof(struct node_info));
if (info->head == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error:Out of memory\n");
return -1;
}
/*头节点空间的初始化*/
node_init(info->head);
/*函数指针的挂接*/
info->add_head = dlist_add_head;
info->add_tail = dlist_add_tail;
info->del = dlist_del;
info->find = dlist_find;
info->for_each_safe = dlist_for_each_safe;
return 0;
}
void dlist_destroy(struct dlist_info *info)
{
// 依次删除,直到为空
while (!dlist_is_empty(info)) {
dlist_del(info->head->next);
}
free(info->head);
}
接下来是单元测试。
测试一下头插和尾插吧。
运行结果如图
Running suite(s): two_way_list_with_head
Name: WangGuozhen Age:48
Name: LiuDehua Age:53
Name: ZhangGuorong Age:47
Name: LiuXuewei Age:28
Name: ChenYu Age:27
Name: SunYazhou Age:21
Name: LiuMing Age:19
Name: WangDong Age:18
===========
Name: WangDong Age:18
Name: LiuMing Age:19
Name: SunYazhou Age:21
Name: ChenYu Age:27
Name: LiuXuewei Age:28
Name: ZhangGuorong Age:47
Name: LiuDehua Age:53
Name: WangGuozhen Age:48
===========
测试一下遍历,在遍历的过程中,我们把节点给删除了。这可以体现出安全遍历的好处。START_TEST(my_dlist_3)//遍历删除 { struct student students[8] = {{"WangDong",18},{"LiuMing",19},{"SunYazhou",21},{"ChenYu",27},{"LiuXuewei",28},\ {"ZhangGuorong",47},{"LiuDehua",53},{"WangGuozhen",48}}; struct dlist_info list; dlist_init(&list); int i = 0; for(;i<sizeof(students)/sizeof(students[0]);++i) list.add_tail(&list,students+i,sizeof(students[0])); list.for_each_safe(&list,list.del); list.for_each_safe(&list,print_student); printf("===========\n"); dlist_destroy(&list); } END_TEST
运行结果是:===========
果然没有节点了。
查找并删除。
START_TEST(my_dlist_4)//查找并删除 { struct student students[8] = {{"WangDong",18},{"LiuMing",19},{"SunYazhou",21},{"ChenYu",27},{"LiuXuewei",28},\ {"ZhangGuorong",47},{"LiuDehua",53},{"WangGuozhen",48}}; struct dlist_info list; dlist_init(&list); int i = 0; for(;i<sizeof(students)/sizeof(students[0]);++i) list.add_tail(&list,students+i,sizeof(students[0])); list.del(list.find(&list,compare_student,"ChenYu")); list.for_each_safe(&list,print_student); printf("===========\n"); dlist_destroy(&list); } END_TEST
Name: WangDong Age:18
Name: LiuMing Age:19
Name: SunYazhou Age:21
Name: LiuXuewei Age:28
Name: ZhangGuorong Age:47
Name: LiuDehua Age:53
Name: WangGuozhen Age:48
===========
(完)