collection模块:
namedtuple:它是一个函数,是用来创建一个自定义的tuple对象的,并且规定了tuple元素的个数,并可以用属性而不是索引来引用tuple的某个元素。所以我们就可以用它来很方便的定义一种数据类型了,它具备了tuple的不可变类型,又可以根据属性来进行引用,十分的方便。
第二个元素可以传可迭代对象,也可以传字符串,但是字符串之间要以空格隔开
元素的个数必须和namedtuple的第二个参数的个数相同。
>>> from collections import namedtuple >>> Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y']) >>> p = Point(1, 2) >>> p.x 1 >>> p.y 2
deque:实现高效插入和删除操作的双向列表,适合用于队列和栈
使用list进行存储数据的时候,按索引访问元素很快,但是插入和删除元素就很慢了,因为list内部是线性存储的,当数据量很大的时候,插入和删除的效率就很低了。
>>> from collections import deque >>> q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) >>> q.append('x') >>> q.appendleft('y') >>> q deque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x'])
>>> from collections import deque >>> q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) >>> q.pop('x') >>> q.popleft('y') >>> q deque(['b'])
deque还支持根据索引在任意位置插值:
q.insert(0, 'x')
defaultdict:当使用dict时,如果引用的key不存在的话,就会抛出KeyError的错误。如果希望key不存在的时候,返回一个默认值,这时候就可以使用defaultdict:
>>> from collections import defaultdict >>> dd = defaultdict(lambda: 'N/A') >>> dd['key1'] = 'abc' >>> dd['key1'] # key1存在 'abc' >>> dd['key2'] # key2不存在,返回默认值 'N/A'
注意:默认值是调用函数返回的,而函数在创建defaultdict对象的时候传入的(除了在Key不存在时返回默认值,他的其他行为跟dict是一样的)
OrderedDict:保持key的顺序。
>>> from collections import OrderedDict >>> d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) >>> d # dict的Key是无序的 {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2} >>> od = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) >>> od # OrderedDict的Key是有序的 OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
注意:OrederedDict的Key会按照插入的顺序排列,不会按照key本身进行排列。
>>> od = OrderedDict() >>> od['z'] = 1 >>> od['y'] = 2 >>> od['x'] = 3 >>> od.keys() # 按照插入的Key的顺序返回 ['z', 'y', 'x']
OrederedDict可以实现FIFO(先进先出)的dict,当容量超出限制时,先删除最早添加的Key。
Counter:就是一个简单的计数器,统计出现的个数。
>>> from collections import Counter >>> c = Counter() >>> for ch in 'programming': ... c[ch] = c[ch] + 1 ... >>> c Counter({'g': 2, 'm': 2, 'r': 2, 'a': 1, 'i': 1, 'o': 1, 'n': 1, 'p': 1})
time模块:
三种表现形式:1、时间戳 :表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始计算的偏移量。一旦运行的话返回的是float类型
2、格式化时间(用来展示给人看的)
3、结构化时间struct_time元组共有9个元素(年、月、日、时、分、秒、一年中第几周、一年中第几天、夏令时)
import time print(time.time()) # 时间戳 print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')) # 格式化的时间字符串 print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')) print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %X')) # %X等价于%H:%M:%S print(time.strftime('%H:%M')) print(time.strftime('%Y/%m')) print(time.localtime()) # 本地区的struct_time print(time.localtime(time.time())) res = time.localtime(time.time()) print(time.time()) print(time.mktime(res)) # 将一个struct_time转化为时间戳 print(time.strftime('%Y-%m',time.localtime())) print(time.strptime(time.strftime('%Y-%m',time.localtime()),'%Y-%m'))
%a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale’s full weekday name. %b Locale’s abbreviated month name. %B Locale’s full month name. %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %j Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. (1) %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. (2) %U Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. (3) %w Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. %W Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. (3) %x Locale’s appropriate date representation. %X Locale’s appropriate time representation. %y Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. %Y Year with century as a decimal number. %z Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. %Z Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). %% A literal '%' character.