推文:Python协程深入理解(本文转载于该文章)
从语法上来看,协程和生成器类似,都是定义体中包含yield关键字的函数。
yield在协程中的用法:
- 在协程中yield通常出现在表达式的右边,例如:datum = yield,可以产出值,也可以不产出--如果yield关键字后面没有表达式,那么生成器产出None.
- 协程可能从调用方接受数据,调用方是通过send(datum)的方式把数据提供给协程使用,而不是next(...)函数,通常调用方会把值推送给协程。
- 协程可以把控制器让给中心调度程序,从而激活其他的协程
所以总体上在协程中把yield看做是控制流程的方式。
协程不止可以接受,还可以发送
>>> def simple_corotine(): ... print('---->coroutine started') ... x = yield #有接收值,所以同生成器一样,需要先激活,使用next ... print('---->coroutine recvied:',x) ... >>> my_coro = simple_corotine() >>> my_coro <generator object simple_corotine at 0x0000000000A8A518>
>>> next(my_coro) #先激活生成器,执行到yield val语句 #或者使用send(None)也可以激活生成器 ---->coroutine started >>> my_coro.send(24) #向其中传入值,x = yield ---->coroutine recvied: 24 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> StopIteration #当生成器执行完毕时会报错
若是我们没有激活生成器,会报错
>>> def simple_corotine(): ... print('---->coroutine started') ... x = yield ... print('---->coroutine recvied:',x) ... >>> my_coro = simple_corotine() >>> my_coro <generator object simple_corotine at 0x0000000000A8A518> >>> my_coro.send(2) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: can't send non-None value to a just-started generator
协程在运行中的四种状态
GEN_CREATE:等待开始执行
GEN_RUNNING:解释器正在执行,这个状态一般看不到
GEN_SUSPENDED:在yield表达式处暂停
GEN_CLOSED:执行结束
>>> from inspect import getgeneratorstate #状态查看需要引入
>>> def simple_corotine(val): ... print('---->coroutine started: val=',val) ... b = yield val ... print('---->coroutine received: b=',b) ... c = yield val + b ... print('---->coroutine received: c=',c) ... >>> my_coro = simple_corotine(12) >>> from inspect import getgeneratorstate >>> getgeneratorstate(my_coro) 'GEN_CREATED' #创建未激活 >>> my_coro.send(None) ---->coroutine started: val= 12 12 >>> getgeneratorstate(my_coro) 'GEN_SUSPENDED' #在yield处暂停 >>> my_coro.send(13) ---->coroutine received: b= 13 25 >>> getgeneratorstate(my_coro) 'GEN_SUSPENDED' >>> my_coro.send(14) ---->coroutine received: c= 14 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> StopIteration >>> getgeneratorstate(my_coro) 'GEN_CLOSED' #执行结束 >>>
再使用一个循环例子来了解协程:求平均值
>>> def averager(): ... total = 0.0 ... count = 0 ... aver = None ... while True: ... term = yield aver ... total += term ... count += 1 ... aver = total/count ... >>> coro_avg = averager() >>> coro_avg.send(None) >>> coro_avg.send(10) 10.0 >>> coro_avg.send(20) 15.0 >>> coro_avg.send(30) 20.0 >>> coro_avg.send(40) 25.0
这里是一个死循环,只要不停send值给协程,可以一直计算下去。
通过上面的几个例子我们发现,我们如果想要开始使用协程的时候必须通过next(...)方式激活协程,如果不预激,这个协程就无法使用,如果哪天在代码中遗忘了那么就出问题了,所以有一种预激协程的装饰器,可以帮助我们干这件事(用来帮助我们激活协程)
预激协程的装饰器(自定义)
>>> def coro_active(func): ... def inner(*args,**kwargs): ... gen = func(*args,**kwargs) ... next(gen) #gen.send(None) ... return gen ... return inner ... >>> @coro_active ... def averager(): ... total = 0.0 ... count = 0 ... aver = None ... while True: ... term = yield aver ... total += term ... count += 1 ... aver = total/count ...
>>> coro_avg = averager()
>>> coro_avg.send(10) 10.0
>>> coro_avg.send(20) 15.0
>>> coro_avg.send(30) 20.0
def coro_active(func): def inner(*args,**kwargs): gen = func(*args,**kwargs) next(gen) #gen.send(None) return gen return inner @coro_active def averager(): total = 0.0 count = 0 aver = None while True: term = yield aver total += term count += 1 aver = total/count