requests
一、requests
a.介绍
介绍:使用requests可以模拟浏览器的请求,比起之前用到的urllib,requests模块的api更加便捷(本质就是封装了urllib3)
注意:requests发送请求是将网页内容下载来以后,并不会执行js代码,这需要我们自己分析目标站点然后发起新的requests请求
安装:pip3 install requests
各种请求方式,常用的是requests.get()和requets.post()
>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
>>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data = {'key':'value'})
>>> r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'})
>>> r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
>>> r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
>>> r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
#建议在正式学习requests前,先熟悉下HTTP协议
http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/p/6266327.html
二、基于GET请求
1.基本请求:
import requests
response=requests.get('http://dig.chouti.com/')
print(response.text)
2、带参数的get请求---->>>>>>params
#在请求头内将自己伪装成浏览器,否则百度不会正常返回页面内容 import requests response=requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=python&pn=1', headers={ 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.75 Safari/537.36', }) print(response.text) #如果查询关键词是中文或者有其他特殊符号,则不得不进行url编码 from urllib.parse import urlencode wd='帅哥' encode_res=urlencode({'k':wd},encoding='utf-8') keyword=encode_res.split('=')[1] print(keyword) # 然后拼接成url url='https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%s&pn=1' %keyword response=requests.get(url, headers={ 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.75 Safari/537.36', }) res1=response.text
#上述操作可以用requests模块的一个params参数搞定,本质还是调用urlencode from urllib.parse import urlencode wd='帅哥' pn=1 response=requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/s', params={ 'wd':wd, 'pn':pn }, headers={ 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.75 Safari/537.36', }) res2=response.text #验证结果,打开a.html与b.html页面内容一样 with open('a.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as f: f.write(res1) with open('b.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: f.write(res2)
3、带参数的GET 请求-->>headers
#通常我们在发送请求时都需要带上请求头,请求头是将自身伪装成浏览器的关键,常见的有用的请求头如下 Host Referer #大型网站通常都会根据该参数判断请求的来源 User-Agent #客户端 Cookie #Cookie信息虽然包含在请求头里,但requests模块有单独的参数来处理他,headers={}内就不要放它了
#添加headers(浏览器会识别请求头,不加可能会被拒绝访问,比如访问https://www.zhihu.com/explore) import requests response=requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore') response.status_code #500 #自己定制headers headers={ 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0; Nexus 5 Build/MRA58N) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2490.76 Mobile Safari/537.36', } respone=requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore', headers=headers) print(respone.status_code) #200
4、带参数的GET请求-->>cookies
#登录github,然后从浏览器中获取cookies,以后就可以直接拿着cookie登录了,无需输入用户名密码 #用户名: 邮箱: 密码: import requests Cookies={ 'user_session':'wGMHFJKgDcmRIVvcA14_Wrt_3xaUyJNsBnPbYzEL6L0bHcfc', } response=requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=Cookies) #github对请求头没有什么限制,我们无需定制user-agent,对于其他网站可能还需要定制 print('451151845@qq.com' in response.text) #True