python-day-9- 进程-异步IO\

本节内容

1. 进程
2. Gevent协程
3. Select\Poll\Epoll异步IO与事件驱动

 

 

多进程multiprocessing

 

multiprocessing is a package that supports spawning processes using an API similar to the threading module. The multiprocessing package offers both local and remote concurrency, effectively side-stepping the Global Interpreter Lock by using subprocesses instead of threads. Due to this, the multiprocessing module allows the programmer to fully leverage multiple processors on a given machine. It runs on both Unix and Windows.

from multiprocessing import Process
import time
def f(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print('hello', name)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    p = Process(target=f, args=('bob',))
    p.start()
    p.join()

To show the individual process IDs involved, here is an expanded example:

from multiprocessing import Process
import os
 
def info(title):
    print(title)
    print('module name:', __name__)
    print('parent process:', os.getppid())
    print('process id:', os.getpid())
    print("\n\n")
 
def f(name):
    info('\033[31;1mfunction f\033[0m')
    print('hello', name)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    info('\033[32;1mmain process line\033[0m')
    p = Process(target=f, args=('bob',))
    p.start()
    p.join()

进程间通讯

不同进程间内存是不共享的，要想实现两个进程间的数据交换，可以用以下方法：

Queues

使用方法跟threading里的queue差不多

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
 
def f(q):
    q.put([42, None, 'hello'])
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    q = Queue()
    p = Process(target=f, args=(q,))
    p.start()
    print(q.get())    # prints "[42, None, 'hello']"
    p.join()

Pipes

The Pipe() function returns a pair of connection objects connected by a pipe which by default is duplex (two-way). For example:

from multiprocessing import Process, Pipe
 
def f(conn):
    conn.send([42, None, 'hello'])
    conn.close()
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    parent_conn, child_conn = Pipe()
    p = Process(target=f, args=(child_conn,))
    p.start()
    print(parent_conn.recv())   # prints "[42, None, 'hello']"
    p.join()

The two connection objects returned by Pipe() represent the two ends of the pipe. Each connection object has send() and recv() methods (among others). Note that data in a pipe may become corrupted if two processes (or threads) try to read from or write to the same end of the pipe at the same time. Of course there is no risk of corruption from processes using different ends of the pipe at the same time.

 

Managers

A manager object returned by Manager() controls a server process which holds Python objects and allows other processes to manipulate them using proxies.

A manager returned by Manager() will support types list, dict, Namespace, Lock, RLock, Semaphore, BoundedSemaphore, Condition, Event, Barrier, Queue, Value and Array. For example,

from multiprocessing import Process, Manager
 
def f(d, l):
    d[1] = '1'
    d['2'] = 2
    d[0.25] = None
    l.append(1)
    print(l)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Manager() as manager:
        d = manager.dict()
 
        l = manager.list(range(5))
        p_list = []
        for i in range(10):
            p = Process(target=f, args=(d, l))
            p.start()
            p_list.append(p)
        for res in p_list:
            res.join()
 
        print(d)
        print(l)

View Code

进程同步

Without using the lock output from the different processes is liable to get all mixed up.

from multiprocessing import Process, Lock
 
def f(l, i):
    l.acquire()
    try:
        print('hello world', i)
    finally:
        l.release()
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    lock = Lock()
 
    for num in range(10):
        Process(target=f, args=(lock, num)).start()

进程池　　

进程池内部维护一个进程序列，当使用时，则去进程池中获取一个进程，如果进程池序列中没有可供使用的进进程，那么程序就会等待，直到进程池中有可用进程为止。

进程池中有两个方法：

• apply
• apply_async

from  multiprocessing import Process,Pool
import time
 
def Foo(i):
    time.sleep(2)
    return i+100
 
def Bar(arg):
    print('-->exec done:',arg)
 
pool = Pool(5)
 
for i in range(10):
    pool.apply_async(func=Foo, args=(i,),callback=Bar)
    #pool.apply(func=Foo, args=(i,))
 
print('end')
pool.close()
pool.join()#进程池中进程执行完毕后再关闭，如果注释，那么程序直接关闭。