一.1.1 MYSQL
一.1.1.1 基础特性
1）性能卓越，服务稳定，很少出现异常宕机；
2）开放源代码且无版权制约，自主性强，使用成本低；
3）历史悠久，社区及用户非常活跃，遇到问题，可快速获得帮助；
4）软件体积小，安装使用简单，易于维护，安装及维护成本低；
5）支持多种操作系统，提供多种API接口，支持多种开发语言，对PHP语言语言无缝支持；
6）品牌口碑效应。
一.1.1.2 基础说明
注：数据库重新初始化要切记先删除data对应目录的数据。
企业环境创建数据库：
a.根据开发的程序确定字符集（建议UTF8）；
b.编译时指定字符集，例如：
-DDEFAULT_CHATSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_CHLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
c.当需要的字符集不同于默认字符集时，指定字符集创建数据库即可。
企业环境数据库授权状态：
a.博客、CMS等产品的数据库授权：
对于web连接用户尽量采用最小化原则，较多开源软件都是web界面安装，需要SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE和CREATE、DROP（较危险）权限；
> grant select,insert,update,delete,create,drop on blog.* to ‘blog’@’10.0.0.%’ identified by ‘000000’;
b.生成数据库表后，要收回CREATE、DROP权限；
> REVOKE CREATE on blog.* FROM ‘blog’@’10.0.0.%’;
> REVOKE DROP on blog.* FROM ‘blog’@’10.0.0.%’;
c.生产环境针对主库（写为主读为辅）用户的授权；
主库
> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE ON ‘blog’.* TO ‘blog’@’10.0.0.%’ identified by ‘000000’;
从库
> GRANT SELECT ON ‘blog’.* TO ‘blog’@’10.0.0.%’ identified by ‘000000’;
mysql记录UUID的文件
[root@M-mysql /r2/mysqldata]# cat auto.cnf
[auto]
server-uuid=fda28692-9e31-11e7-bf34-000c2907c998
数据库操作记录文件
/root/.mysql_history
mysql参数说明
-V --version 查看版本；-e 实现非交换式对话；-U 当发出没有WHERE或LIMIT关键字的UPDATE或DELETE时，mysql程序将拒绝执行；
防止数据库误操作
# echo “alias mysql=’mysql -U’” >>/etc/profile
# source /etc/profile
不重启数据库调整参数
> set global key_buffer_size=10*1024*1024;
# 此操作为全局参数设置，设置完立即生效，重启MySQL后失效，所以若想不重启修改数据库参数并永久生效，可用此操作设置完后再修改对应的配置文件里参数。
登陆数据库后执行系统命令
> system ls -la /tmp
ALL PRIVILEGES包括如下权限
SELECT, INSERT,UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, RELOAD, SHUTDOWN, PROCESS, FILE, REFERENCES, INDEX, ALTER, SHOW DATABASES, SUPER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES, EXECUTE, REPLICATION SLAVE, REPLICATION CLIENT, CREATE VIEW, SHOW VIEW, CREATE ROUTINE, ALTER ROUTINE, CREATE USER, EVENT, TRIGGER, CREATE TABLESPACE
一.1.1.3 配置说明
公司集群环境配置文件
1 # Example MySQL config file for very large systems. 2 # 3 # This is for a large system with memory of 1G-2G where the system runs mainly 4 # MySQL. 5 # 6 # MySQL programs look for option files in a set of 7 # locations which depend on the deployment platform. 8 # You can copy this option file to one of those 9 # locations. For information about these locations, see: 10 # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/option-files.html 11 # 12 # In this file, you can use all long options that a program supports. 13 # If you want to know which options a program supports, run the program 14 # with the "--help" option. 15 16 # The following options will be passed to all MySQL clients 17 [client] 18 # password = yourpassword 19 port = 3306 20 socket = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.sock 21 # default-character-set=utf8 22 23 # Here follows entries for some specific programs 24 25 # The MySQL server 26 [mysqld] 27 # password = yourpassword 28 server-id =1 # 主机标示，整数 29 read-only =0 # 主机，读写都可以 30 #binlog-do-db =mysql # 需要备份数据，多个写多行 31 #replicate-wild-ignor2-table=mysql.% 32 #binlog-ignore-db =mysql # 不需要备份的数据库，多个写多行 33 port = 3306 34 socket = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.sock 35 max_connections=10000 36 max_connect_errors=10000 37 #init-connect='SET NAMES utf8;insert into accesslog.accesslog values(null,connection_id(),now(),substring(user(),1,locate('@',user())-1),substring(user(),locate('@',user())+1,length(user())));' 38 init-connect='SET NAMES utf8' 39 interactive_timeout=31536000 40 #default-character-set=utf8 41 datadir=/r2/mysqldata 42 basedir=/usr/local/mysql 43 log-error=/r2/mysqldata/mysql-error.log 44 pid-file=/r2/mysqldata/mysql.pid 45 #bind-address=127.0.0.1 46 user=mysql 47 #skip-locking 48 key_buffer_size = 384M 49 max_allowed_packet = 64M 50 table_open_cache = 512 51 sort_buffer_size = 2M 52 read_buffer_size = 2M 53 read_rnd_buffer_size = 8M 54 myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M 55 thread_cache_size = 8 56 query_cache_size = 32M 57 # Try number of CPU's*2 for thread_concurrency 58 #thread_concurrency = 8 59 60 log-slave-updates #这个参数一定要加上，否则不会给更新的记录些到二进制文件里 61 #slave-skip-errors #是跳过错误，继续执行复制操作 62 63 expire_logs_days = 18 64 65 # Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement, 66 # if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run on the same host. 67 # All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix sockets or named pipes. 68 # Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows 69 # (via the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless! 70 # 71 #skip-networking 72 73 # Replication Master Server (default) 74 # binary logging is required for replication 75 log-bin=mysql-bin 76 77 # required unique id between 1 and 2^32 - 1 78 # defaults to 1 if master-host is not set 79 # but will not function as a master if omitted 80 81 # Replication Slave (comment out master section to use this) 82 # 83 # To configure this host as a replication slave, you can choose between 84 # two methods : 85 # 86 # 1) Use the CHANGE MASTER TO command (fully described in our manual) - 87 # the syntax is: 88 # 89 # CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>, 90 # MASTER_USER=<user>, MASTER_PASSWORD=<password> ; 91 # 92 # where you replace <host>, <user>, <password> by quoted strings and 93 # <port> by the master's port number (3306 by default). 94 # 95 # Example: 96 # 97 # CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='125.564.12.1', MASTER_PORT=3306, 98 # MASTER_USER='joe', MASTER_PASSWORD='secret'; 99 # 100 # OR 101 # 102 # 2) Set the variables below. However, in case you choose this method, then 103 # start replication for the first time (even unsuccessfully, for example 104 # if you mistyped the password in master-password and the slave fails to 105 # connect), the slave will create a master.info file, and any later 106 # change in this file to the variables' values below will be ignored and 107 # overridden by the content of the master.info file, unless you shutdown 108 # the slave server, delete master.info and restart the slaver server. 109 # For that reason, you may want to leave the lines below untouched 110 # (commented) and instead use CHANGE MASTER TO (see above) 111 # 112 # required unique id between 2 and 2^32 - 1 113 # (and different from the master) 114 # defaults to 2 if master-host is set 115 # but will not function as a slave if omitted 116 #server-id = 2 117 # 118 # The replication master for this slave - required 119 #master-host = <hostname> 120 # 121 # The username the slave will use for authentication when connecting 122 # to the master - required 123 #master-user = <username> 124 # 125 # The password the slave will authenticate with when connecting to 126 # the master - required 127 #master-password = <password> 128 # 129 # The port the master is listening on. 130 # optional - defaults to 3306 131 #master-port = <port> 132 # 133 # binary logging - not required for slaves, but recommended 134 #log-bin=mysql-bin 135 # 136 # binary logging format - mixed recommended 137 binlog_format=mixed 138 139 # Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables 140 #innodb_data_home_dir = /var/lib/mysql 141 #innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:2000M;ibdata2:10M:autoextend 142 #innodb_log_group_home_dir = /var/lib/mysql 143 # You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 % 144 # of RAM but beware of setting memory usage too high 145 innodb_buffer_pool_size = 30720M 146 sync_binlog=0 147 query_cache_type= ON 148 query_cache_size= 128M 149 gtid_mode=ON 150 enforce_gtid_consistency=ON 151 slave_parallel_type=LOGICAL_CLOCK 152 slave_parallel_workers=16 153 master_info_repository=TABLE 154 relay_log_info_repository=TABLE 155 relay_log_recovery=ON 156 #innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 20M 157 # Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size 158 innodb_log_file_size = 256M 159 innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M 160 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 161 #innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50 162 sql_mode="" 163 [mysqldump] 164 quick 165 max_allowed_packet = 16M 166 167 [mysql] 168 no-auto-rehash 169 # Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL 170 #safe-updates 171 172 [myisamchk] 173 key_buffer_size = 256M 174 sort_buffer_size = 256M 175 read_buffer = 2M 176 write_buffer = 2M 177 178 [mysqlhotcopy] 179 interactive-timeout