1. ASCII
返回与指定的字符对应的十进制数;
SQL> select ascii(A) A,ascii(a) a,ascii(0) zero,ascii( ) space from dual;
A A ZERO SPACE
--------- --------- --------- ---------
65 97 48 32
2. CHR
给出整数,返回对应的字符;
SQL> select chr(54740) zhao,chr(65) chr65 from dual;
ZH C
-- -
赵 A
3. CONCAT
连接两个字符串;
SQL> select concat(010-,88888888)||转23 高乾竞电话 from dual;
高乾竞电话
----------------
010-88888888转23
4. INITCAP
返回字符串并将字符串的第一个字母变为大写;
SQL> select initcap(smith) upp from dual;
UPP
-----
Smith
5.INSTR(C1,C2,I,J)
在一个字符串中搜索指定的字符,返回发现指定的字符的位置;
C1 被搜索的字符串
C2 希望搜索的字符串
I 搜索的开始位置,默认为1
J 出现的位置,默认为1
SQL> select instr(oracle traning,ra,1,2) instring from dual;
INSTRING
---------
9
6.LENGTH
返回字符串的长度;
SQL> select name,length(name),addr,length(addr),sal,length(to_char(sal)) from gao.nchar_tst;
NAME LENGTH(NAME) ADDR LENGTH(ADDR) SAL LENGTH(TO_CHAR(SAL))
------ ------------ ---------------- ------------ --------- --------------------
高乾竞 3 北京市海锭区 6 9999.99 7
7.LOWER
返回字符串,并将所有的字符小写
SQL> select lower(AaBbCcDd)AaBbCcDd from dual;
AABBCCDD
--------
aabbccdd
8.UPPER
返回字符串,并将所有的字符大写
SQL> select upper(AaBbCcDd) upper from dual;
UPPER
--------
AABBCCDD
9.RPAD和LPAD(粘贴字符)
RPAD 在列的右边粘贴字符
LPAD 在列的左边粘贴字符
SQL> select lpad(rpad(gao,10,*),17,*)from dual;
LPAD(RPAD(GAO,1
-----------------
*******gao*******
不够字符则用*来填满
10.LTRIM和RTRIM
LTRIM 删除左边出现的字符串
RTRIM 删除右边出现的字符串
SQL> select ltrim(rtrim( gao qian jing , ), ) from dual;
LTRIM(RTRIM(
-------------
gao qian jing
11.SUBSTR(string,start,count)
取子字符串,从start开始,取count个
SQL> select substr(13088888888,3,8) from dual;
SUBSTR(
--------
08888888
12.REPLACE(string,s1,s2)
string 希望被替换的字符或变量
s1 被替换的字符串
s2 要替换的字符串
SQL> select replace(he love you,he,i) from dual;
REPLACE(H
----------
i love you
13.SOUNDEX
返回一个与给定的字符串读音相同的字符串
SQL> create table table1(xm varchar(8));
SQL> insert into table1 values(weather);
SQL> insert into table1 values(wether);
SQL> insert into table1 values(gao);
SQL> select xm from table1 where soundex(xm)=soundex(weather);
XM
--------
weather
wether
• 14.TRIM(s from string)
LEADING 剪掉前面的字符
TRAILING 剪掉后面的字符
如果不指定,默认为空格符
15.ABS
返回指定值的绝对值
SQL> select abs(100),abs(-100) from dual;
ABS(100) ABS(-100)
--------- ---------
100 100
16.ACOS
给出反余弦的值
SQL> select acos(-1) from dual;
ACOS(-1)
---------
3.1415927
17.ASIN
给出反正弦的值
SQL> select asin(0.5) from dual;
ASIN(0.5)
---------
.52359878
18.ATAN
返回一个数字的反正切值
SQL> select atan(1) from dual;
ATAN(1)
---------
.78539816
19.CEIL
返回大于或等于给出数字的最小整数
SQL> select ceil(3.1415927) from dual;
CEIL(3.1415927)
---------------
4
20.COS
返回一个给定数字的余弦
SQL> select cos(-3.1415927) from dual;
COS(-3.1415927)
---------------
-1
21.COSH
返回一个数字反余弦值
SQL> select cosh(20) from dual;
COSH(20)
---------
242582598
22.EXP
返回一个数字e的n次方根
SQL> select exp(2),exp(1) from dual;
EXP(2) EXP(1)
--------- ---------
7.3890561 2.7182818
23.FLOOR
对给定的数字取整数
SQL> select floor(2345.67) from dual;
FLOOR(2345.67)
--------------
2345
24.LN
返回一个数字的对数值
SQL> select ln(1),ln(2),ln(2.7182818) from dual;
LN(1) LN(2) LN(2.7182818)
--------- --------- -------------
0 .69314718 .99999999
25.LOG(n1,n2)
返回一个以n1为底n2的对数
SQL> select log(2,1),log(2,4) from dual;
LOG(2,1) LOG(2,4)
--------- ---------
0 2
26.MOD(n1,n2)
返回一个n1除以n2的余数
SQL> select mod(10,3),mod(3,3),mod(2,3) from dual;
MOD(10,3) MOD(3,3) MOD(2,3)
--------- --------- ---------
1 0 2
27.POWER
返回n1的n2次方根
SQL> select power(2,10),power(3,3) from dual;
POWER(2,10) POWER(3,3)
----------- ----------
1024 27
28.ROUND和TRUNC
按照指定的精度进行舍入
SQL> select round(55.5),round(-55.4),trunc(55.5),trunc(-55.5) from dual;
ROUND(55.5) ROUND(-55.4) TRUNC(55.5) TRUNC(-55.5)
----------- ------------ ----------- ------------
56 -55 55 -55
29.SIGN
取数字n的符号,大于0返回1,小于0返回-1,等于0返回0
SQL> select sign(123),sign(-100),sign(0) from dual;
SIGN(123) SIGN(-100) SIGN(0)
--------- ---------- ---------
1 -1 0
30.SIN
返回一个数字的正弦值
SQL> select sin(1.57079) from dual;
SIN(1.57079)
------------
1
• 31.SIGH
返回双曲正弦的值
SQL> select sin(20),sinh(20) from dual;
SIN(20) SINH(20)
--------- ---------
.91294525 242582598
32.SQRT
返回数字n的根
SQL> select sqrt(64),sqrt(10) from dual;
SQRT(64) SQRT(10)
--------- ---------
8 3.1622777
33.TAN
返回数字的正切值
SQL> select tan(20),tan(10) from dual;
TAN(20) TAN(10)
--------- ---------
2.2371609 .64836083
34.TANH
返回数字n的双曲正切值
SQL> select tanh(20),tan(20) from dual;
TANH(20) TAN(20)
--------- ---------
1 2.2371609
35.TRUNC
按照指定的精度截取一个数
SQL> select trunc(124.1666,-2) trunc1,trunc(124.16666,2) from dual;
TRUNC1 TRUNC(124.16666,2)
--------- ------------------
100 124.16
36.ADD_MONTHS
增加或减去月份
SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date(199912,yyyymm),2),yyyymm) from dual;
TO_CHA
------
200002
SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date(199912,yyyymm),-2),yyyymm) from dual;
TO_CHA
------
199910
37.LAST_DAY
返回日期的最后一天
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,yyyy.mm.dd),to_char((sysdate)+1,yyyy.mm.dd) from dual;
TO_CHAR(SY TO_CHAR((S
---------- ----------
2004.05.09 2004.05.10
SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
LAST_DAY(S
----------
31-5月 -04
38.MONTHS_BETWEEN(date2,date1)
给出date2-date1的月份
SQL> select months_between(19-12月-1999,19-3月-1999) mon_between from dual;
MON_BETWEEN
-----------
9
SQL>selectmonths_between(to_date(2000.05.20,yyyy.mm.dd),to_date(2005.05.20,yyyy.mm.dd)) mon_betw from dual;
MON_BETW
---------
-60
39.NEW_TIME(date,this,that)
给出在this时区=other时区的日期和时间
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) bj_time,to_char(new_time
2 (sysdate,PDT,GMT),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) los_angles from dual;
BJ_TIME LOS_ANGLES
------------------- -------------------
2004.05.09 11:05:32 2004.05.09 18:05:32
40.NEXT_DAY(date,day)
给出日期date和星期x之后计算下一个星期的日期
SQL> select next_day('18-5月-2001','星期五') next_day from dual;
NEXT_DAY
----------
25-5月 -01
41.SYSDATE
用来得到系统的当前日期
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,dd-mm-yyyy day) from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,
-----------------
09-05-2004 星期日
trunc(date,fmt)按照给出的要求将日期截断,如果fmt=mi表示保留分,截断秒
SQL> select to_char(trunc(sysdate,hh),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) hh,
2 to_char(trunc(sysdate,mi),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) hhmm from dual;
HH HHMM
------------------- -------------------
2004.05.09 11:00:00 2004.05.09 11:17:00
42.CHARTOROWID
将字符数据类型转换为ROWID类型
SQL> select rowid,rowidtochar(rowid),ename from scott.emp;
ROWID ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID) ENAME
------------------ ------------------ ----------
AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA SMITH
AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB ALLEN
AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC WARD
AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD JONES
43.CONVERT(c,dset,sset)
将源字符串 sset从一个语言字符集转换到另一个目的dset字符集
SQL> select convert(strutz,we8hp,f7dec) "conversion" from dual;
conver
------
strutz
44.HEXTORAW
将一个十六进制构成的字符串转换为二进制
45.RAWTOHEXT
将一个二进制构成的字符串转换为十六进制
46.ROWIDTOCHAR
将ROWID数据类型转换为字符类型
47.TO_CHAR(date,format)
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss) from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,YY
-------------------
2004/05/09 21:14:41
• 48.TO_DATE(string,format)
将字符串转化为ORACLE中的一个日期
49.TO_MULTI_BYTE
将字符串中的单字节字符转化为多字节字符
SQL> select to_multi_byte(高) from dual;
TO
--
高
50.TO_NUMBER
将给出的字符转换为数字
SQL> select to_number(1999) year from dual;
YEAR
---------
1999
51.BFILENAME(dir,file)
指定一个外部二进制文件
SQL>insert into file_tb1 values(bfilename(lob_dir1,image1.gif));
52.CONVERT(x,desc,source)
将x字段或变量的源source转换为desc
SQL> select sid,serial#,username,decode(command,
2 0,none,
3 2,insert,
4 3,
5 select,
6 6,update,
7 7,delete,
8 8,drop,
9 other) cmd from v$session where type!=background;
SID SERIAL# USERNAME CMD
--------- --------- ------------------------------ ------
1 1 none
2 1 none
3 1 none
4 1 none
5 1 none
6 1 none
7 1275 none
8 1275 none
9 20 GAO select
10 40 GAO none
53.DUMP(s,fmt,start,length)
DUMP函数以fmt指定的内部数字格式返回一个VARCHAR2类型的值
SQL> col global_name for a30
SQL> col dump_string for a50
SQL> set lin 200
SQL> select global_name,dump(global_name,1017,8,5) dump_string from global_name;
GLOBAL_NAME DUMP_STRING
------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------
ORACLE.WORLD Typ=1 Len=12 CharacterSet=ZHS16GBK: W,O,R,L,D
54.EMPTY_BLOB()和EMPTY_CLOB()
这两个函数都是用来对大数据类型字段进行初始化操作的函数
55.GREATEST
返回一组表达式中的最大值,即比较字符的编码大小.
SQL> select greatest(AA,AB,AC) from dual;
GR
--
AC
SQL> select greatest(啊,安,天) from dual;
GR
--
天
56.LEAST
返回一组表达式中的最小值
SQL> select least(啊,安,天) from dual;
LE
--
啊
57.UID
返回标识当前用户的唯一整数
SQL> show user
USER 为"GAO"
SQL> select username,user_id from dba_users where user_id=uid;
USERNAME USER_ID
------------------------------ ---------
GAO 25
58.USER
返回当前用户的名字
SQL> select user from dual;
USER
------------------------------
GAO
59.USEREVN
返回当前用户环境的信息,opt可以是:
ENTRYID,SESSIONID,TERMINAL,ISDBA,LABLE,LANGUAGE,CLIENT_INFO,LANG,VSIZE
ISDBA 查看当前用户是否是DBA如果是则返回true
SQL> select userenv(isdba) from dual;
USEREN
------
FALSE
SQL> select userenv(isdba) from dual;
USEREN
------
TRUE
SESSION
返回会话标志
SQL> select userenv(sessionid) from dual;
USERENV(SESSIONID)
--------------------
152
ENTRYID
返回会话人口标志
SQL> select userenv(entryid) from dual;
USERENV(ENTRYID)
------------------
0
INSTANCE
返回当前INSTANCE的标志
SQL> select userenv(instance) from dual;
USERENV(INSTANCE)
-------------------
1
LANGUAGE
返回当前环境变量
SQL> select userenv(language) from dual;
USERENV(LANGUAGE)
----------------------------------------------------
SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK
LANG
返回当前环境的语言的缩写
SQL> select userenv(lang) from dual;
USERENV(LANG)
----------------------------------------------------
ZHS
TERMINAL
返回用户的终端或机器的标志
SQL> select userenv(terminal) from dual;
USERENV(TERMINA
----------------
GAO
VSIZE(X)
返回X的大小(字节)数
SQL> select vsize(user),user from dual;
VSIZE(USER) USER
----------- ------------------------------
6 SYSTEM
• 60.AVG(DISTINCT|ALL)
all表示对所有的值求平均值,distinct只对不同的值求平均值
SQLWKS> create table table3(xm varchar(8),sal number(7,2));
语句已处理。
SQLWKS> insert into table3 values(gao,1111.11);
SQLWKS> insert into table3 values(gao,1111.11);
SQLWKS> insert into table3 values(zhu,5555.55);
SQLWKS> commit;
SQL> select avg(distinct sal) from gao.table3;
AVG(DISTINCTSAL)
----------------
3333.33
SQL> select avg(all sal) from gao.table3;
AVG(ALLSAL)
-----------
2592.59
61.MAX(DISTINCT|ALL)
求最大值,ALL表示对所有的值求最大值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最大值,相同的只取一次
SQL> select max(distinct sal) from scott.emp;
MAX(DISTINCTSAL)
----------------
5000
62.MIN(DISTINCT|ALL)
求最小值,ALL表示对所有的值求最小值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最小值,相同的只取一次
SQL> select min(all sal) from gao.table3;
MIN(ALLSAL)
-----------
1111.11
63.STDDEV(distinct|all)
求标准差,ALL表示对所有的值求标准差,DISTINCT表示只对不同的值求标准差
SQL> select stddev(sal) from scott.emp;
STDDEV(SAL)
-----------
1182.5032
SQL> select stddev(distinct sal) from scott.emp;
STDDEV(DISTINCTSAL)
-------------------
1229.951
64.VARIANCE(DISTINCT|ALL)
求协方差
SQL> select variance(sal) from scott.emp;
VARIANCE(SAL)
-------------
1398313.9
65.GROUP BY
主要用来对一组数进行统计
SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno;
DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
--------- --------- ---------
10 3 8750
20 5 10875
30 6 9400
66.HAVING
对分组统计再加限制条件
SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno having count(*)>=5;
DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
--------- --------- ---------
20 5 10875
30 6 9400
SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp having count(*)>=5 group by deptno ;
DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
--------- --------- ---------
20 5 10875
30 6 9400
67.ORDER BY
用于对查询到的结果进行排序输出
SQL> select deptno,ename,sal from scott.emp order by deptno,sal desc;
DEPTNO ENAME SAL
--------- ---------- ---------
10 KING 5000
10 CLARK 2450
10 MILLER 1300
20 SCOTT 3000
20 FORD 3000
20 JONES 2975
20 ADAMS 1100
20 SMITH 800
30 BLAKE 2850
30 ALLEN 1600
30 TURNER 1500
30 WARD 1250
30 MARTIN 1250
30 JAMES 950
68. pl/sql中的case语句
select (case when DUMMY='X' then 0 else 1 end) as flag from dual;
case的第1种用法：
case col when 'a' then 1
when 'b' then 2
else 0 end
这种用法跟decode一样没什么区别
case的第2种用法：
case when score <60 then 'd'
when score >=60 and score <70 then 'c'
when score >=70 and score <80 then 'b'
else 'a' end
69.NVL(expr1, expr2)
NVL(expr1, expr2)->expr1为NULL，返回expr2；不为NULL，返回expr1。注意两者的类型要一致
NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3) ->expr1不为NULL，返回expr2；为NULL，返回expr3。expr2和expr3类型不同的话，expr3会转换为expr2的类型
NULLIF (expr1, expr2) ->相等返回NULL，不等返回expr1
• Oracle分析函数参考手册
=============================================
作者: xsb(FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id
AND prod_id IN (270, 260)
AND t.fiscal_month_desc = '1998-02'
AND t.day_number_in_week IN (6,7)
ORDER BY t.day_number_in_month;
DAY_NUMBER_IN_MONTH Regr_sxy Regr_syy Regr_sxx
------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
7 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
8 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
14 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
15 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
21 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
22 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
92。ROW_NUMBER
功能描述：返回有序组中一行的偏移量，从而可用于按特定标准排序的行号。
SAMPLE：下例返回每个员工再在每个部门中按员工号排序后的顺序号
SELECT department_id, last_name, employee_id, ROW_NUMBER()
OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY employee_id) AS emp_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id < 50;
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME EMPLOYEE_ID EMP_ID
------------- ------------------------- ----------- ----------
10 Whalen 200 1
20 Hartstein 201 1
20 Fay 202 2
30 Raphaely 114 1
30 Khoo 115 2
30 Baida 116 3
30 Tobias 117 4
30 Himuro 118 5
30 Colmenares 119 6
40 Mavris 203 1
93。STDDEV
功能描述：计算当前行关于组的标准偏离。（Standard Deviation）
SAMPLE：下例返回部门30按雇佣日期排序的薪水值的累积标准偏离
SELECT last_name, hire_date,salary,
STDDEV(salary) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) "StdDev"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30;
LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE SALARY StdDev
------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Raphaely 07-12月-94 11000 0
Khoo 18-5月 -95 3100 5586.14357
Tobias 24-7月 -97 2800 4650.0896
Baida 24-12月-97 2900 4035.26125
Himuro 15-11月-98 2600 3649.2465
Colmenares 10-8月 -99 2500 3362.58829
94。STDDEV_POP
功能描述：该函数计算总体标准偏离，并返回总体变量的平方根，其返回值与VAR_POP函数的平方根相同。（Standard Deviation－Population）
SAMPLE：下例返回部门20、30、60的薪水值的总体标准偏差
SELECT department_id, last_name, salary,
STDDEV_POP(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department_id) AS pop_std
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in (20,30,60);
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME SALARY POP_STD
------------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
20 Hartstein 13000 3500
20 Fay 6000 3500
30 Raphaely 11000 3069.6091
30 Khoo 3100 3069.6091
30 Baida 2900 3069.6091
30 Colmenares 2500 3069.6091
30 Himuro 2600 3069.6091
30 Tobias 2800 3069.6091
60 Hunold 9000 1722.32401
60 Ernst 6000 1722.32401
60 Austin 4800 1722.32401
60 Pataballa 4800 1722.32401
60 Lorentz 4200 1722.32401
95。STDDEV_SAMP
功能描述： 该函数计算累积样本标准偏离，并返回总体变量的平方根，其返回值与VAR_POP函数的平方根相同。（Standard Deviation－Sample）
SAMPLE：下例返回部门20、30、60的薪水值的样本标准偏差
SELECT department_id, last_name, hire_date, salary,
STDDEV_SAMP(salary) OVER
(PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY hire_date
ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS cum_sdev
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in (20,30,60);
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE SALARY CUM_SDEV
------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
20 Hartstein 17-2月 -96 13000
20 Fay 17-8月 -97 6000 4949.74747
30 Raphaely 07-12月-94 11000
30 Khoo 18-5月 -95 3100 5586.14357
30 Tobias 24-7月 -97 2800 4650.0896
30 Baida 24-12月-97 2900 4035.26125
30 Himuro 15-11月-98 2600 3649.2465
30 Colmenares 10-8月 -99 2500 3362.58829
60 Hunold 03-1月 -90 9000
60 Ernst 21-5月 -91 6000 2121.32034
60 Austin 25-6月 -97 4800 2163.33077
60 Pataballa 05-2月 -98 4800 1982.42276
60 Lorentz 07-2月 -99 4200 1925.61678
96。SUM
功能描述：该函数计算组中表达式的累积和。
SAMPLE：下例计算同一经理下员工的薪水累积值
SELECT manager_id, last_name, salary,
SUM (salary) OVER (PARTITION BY manager_id ORDER BY salary
RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) l_csum
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id in (101,103,108);
MANAGER_ID LAST_NAME SALARY L_CSUM
---------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
101 Whalen 4400 4400
101 Mavris 6500 10900
101 Baer 10000 20900
101 Greenberg 12000 44900
101 Higgins 12000 44900
103 Lorentz 4200 4200
103 Austin 4800 13800
103 Pataballa 4800 13800
103 Ernst 6000 19800
108 Popp 6900 6900
108 Sciarra 7700 14600
108 Urman 7800 22400
108 Chen 8200 30600
108 Faviet 9000 39600
97。VAR_POP
功能描述：（Variance Population）该函数返回非空集合的总体变量（忽略null），VAR_POP进行如下计算：
(SUM(expr2) - SUM(expr)2 / COUNT(expr)) / COUNT(expr)
SAMPLE：下例计算1998年每月销售的累积总体和样本变量（本例在SH用户下运行）
SELECT t.calendar_month_desc,
VAR_POP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Pop",
VAR_SAMP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Samp"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id AND t.calendar_year = 1998
GROUP BY t.calendar_month_desc;
CALENDAR Var_Pop Var_Samp
-------- ---------- ----------
1998-01 0
1998-02 6.1321E+11 1.2264E+12
1998-03 4.7058E+11 7.0587E+11
1998-04 4.6929E+11 6.2572E+11
1998-05 1.5524E+12 1.9405E+12
1998-06 2.3711E+12 2.8453E+12
1998-07 3.7464E+12 4.3708E+12
1998-08 3.7852E+12 4.3260E+12
1998-09 3.5753E+12 4.0222E+12
1998-10 3.4343E+12 3.8159E+12
1998-11 3.4245E+12 3.7669E+12
1998-12 4.8937E+12 5.3386E+12
• 98。VAR_SAMP
功能描述：（Variance Sample）该函数返回非空集合的样本变量（忽略null），VAR_POP进行如下计算：
(SUM(expr*expr)-SUM(expr)*SUM(expr)/COUNT(expr))/(COUNT(expr)-1)
SAMPLE：下例计算1998年每月销售的累积总体和样本变量
SELECT t.calendar_month_desc,
VAR_POP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Pop",
VAR_SAMP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Samp"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id AND t.calendar_year = 1998
GROUP BY t.calendar_month_desc;
CALENDAR Var_Pop Var_Samp
-------- ---------- ----------
1998-01 0
1998-02 6.1321E+11 1.2264E+12
1998-03 4.7058E+11 7.0587E+11
1998-04 4.6929E+11 6.2572E+11
1998-05 1.5524E+12 1.9405E+12
1998-06 2.3711E+12 2.8453E+12
1998-07 3.7464E+12 4.3708E+12
1998-08 3.7852E+12 4.3260E+12
1998-09 3.5753E+12 4.0222E+12
1998-10 3.4343E+12 3.8159E+12
1998-11 3.4245E+12 3.7669E+12
1998-12 4.8937E+12 5.3386E+12
99。VARIANCE
功能描述：该函数返回表达式的变量，Oracle计算该变量如下：
如果表达式中行数为1，则返回0
如果表达式中行数大于1，则返回VAR_SAMP
SAMPLE：下例返回部门30按雇佣日期排序的薪水值的累积变化
SELECT last_name, salary, VARIANCE(salary)
OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) "Variance"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30;
LAST_NAME SALARY Variance
------------------------- ---------- ----------
Raphaely 11000 0
Khoo 3100 31205000
Tobias 2800 21623333.3
Baida 2900 16283333.3
Himuro 2600 13317000
Colmenares 2500 11307000
100。RANK
功能描述：根据ORDER BY子句中表达式的值，从查询返回的每一行，计算它们与其它行的相对位置。组内的数据按ORDER BY子句排序，
然后给每一行赋一个号，从而形成一个序列，该序列从1开始，往后累加。每次ORDER BY表达式的值发生变化时，该序列也随之增加。
有同样值的行得到同样的数字序号（认为null时相等的）。然而，如果两行的确得到同样的排序，则序数将随后跳跃。若两行序数为1，
则没有序数2，序列将给组中的下一行分配值3，DENSE_RANK则没有任何跳跃。
SAMPLE：下例中计算每个员工按部门分区再按薪水排序，依次出现的序列号（注意与DENSE_RANK函数的区别）
SELECT d.department_id , e.last_name, e.salary, RANK()
OVER (PARTITION BY e.department_id ORDER BY e.salary) as drank
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.department_id IN ('60', '90');
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME SALARY DRANK
------------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
60 Lorentz 4200 1
60 Austin 4800 2
60 Pataballa 4800 2
60 Ernst 6000 4
60 Hunold 9000 5
90 Kochhar 17000 1
90 De Haan 17000 1
90 King 24000 3
101。RATIO_TO_REPORT
功能描述：该函数计算expression/(sum(expression))的值，它给出相对于总数的百分比，即当前行对sum(expression)的贡献。
SAMPLE：下例计算每个员工的工资占该类员工总工资的百分比
SELECT last_name, salary, RATIO_TO_REPORT(salary) OVER () AS rr
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'PU_CLERK';
LAST_NAME SALARY RR
------------------------- ---------- ----------
Khoo 3100 .223021583
Baida 2900 .208633094
Tobias 2800 .201438849
Himuro 2600 .18705036
Colmenares 2500 .179856115
• 102。REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
功能描述：这些线性回归函数适合最小二乘法回归线，有9个不同的回归函数可使用。
REGR_SLOPE：返回斜率，等于COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2) / VAR_POP(expr2)
REGR_INTERCEPT：返回回归线的y截距，等于
AVG(expr1) - REGR_SLOPE(expr1, expr2) * AVG(expr2)
REGR_COUNT：返回用于填充回归线的非空数字对的数目
REGR_R2：返回回归线的决定系数，计算式为：
If VAR_POP(expr2) = 0 then return NULL
If VAR_POP(expr1) = 0 and VAR_POP(expr2) != 0 then return 1
If VAR_POP(expr1) > 0 and VAR_POP(expr2 != 0 then
return POWER(CORR(expr1,expr),2)
REGR_AVGX：计算回归线的自变量(expr2)的平均值，去掉了空对(expr1, expr2)后，等于AVG(expr2)
REGR_AVGY：计算回归线的应变量(expr1)的平均值，去掉了空对(expr1, expr2)后，等于AVG(expr1)
REGR_SXX： 返回值等于REGR_COUNT(expr1, expr2) * VAR_POP(expr2)
REGR_SYY： 返回值等于REGR_COUNT(expr1, expr2) * VAR_POP(expr1)
REGR_SXY: 返回值等于REGR_COUNT(expr1, expr2) * COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2)
（下面的例子都是在SH用户下完成的）
SAMPLE 1：下例计算1998年最后三个星期中两种产品（260和270）在周末的销售量中已开发票数量和总数量的累积斜率和回归线的截距
SELECT t.fiscal_month_number "Month", t.day_number_in_month "Day",
REGR_SLOPE(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_month_desc, t.day_number_in_month) AS CUM_SLOPE,
REGR_INTERCEPT(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_month_desc, t.day_number_in_month) AS CUM_ICPT
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id
AND s.prod_id IN (270, 260)
AND t.fiscal_year=1998
AND t.fiscal_week_number IN (50, 51, 52)
AND t.day_number_in_week IN (6,7)
ORDER BY t.fiscal_month_desc, t.day_number_in_month;
Month Day CUM_SLOPE CUM_ICPT
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
12 12 -68 1872
12 12 -68 1872
12 13 -20.244898 1254.36735
12 13 -20.244898 1254.36735
12 19 -18.826087 1287
12 20 62.4561404 125.28655
12 20 62.4561404 125.28655
12 20 62.4561404 125.28655
12 20 62.4561404 125.28655
12 26 67.2658228 58.9712313
12 26 67.2658228 58.9712313
12 27 37.5245541 284.958221
12 27 37.5245541 284.958221
12 27 37.5245541 284.958221
SAMPLE 2：下例计算1998年4月每天的累积交易数量
SELECT UNIQUE t.day_number_in_month,
REGR_COUNT(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (PARTITION BY t.fiscal_month_number ORDER BY t.day_number_in_month)
"Regr_Count"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id
AND t.fiscal_year = 1998 AND t.fiscal_month_number = 4;
DAY_NUMBER_IN_MONTH Regr_Count
------------------- ----------
1 825
2 1650
3 2475
4 3300
.
26 21450
30 22200
SAMPLE 3：下例计算1998年每月销售量中已开发票数量和总数量的累积回归线决定系数
SELECT t.fiscal_month_number,
REGR_R2(SUM(s.amount_sold), SUM(s.quantity_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_month_number) "Regr_R2"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id
AND t.fiscal_year = 1998
GROUP BY t.fiscal_month_number
ORDER BY t.fiscal_month_number;
FISCAL_MONTH_NUMBER Regr_R2
------------------- ----------
1
2 1
3 .927372984
4 .807019972
5 .932745567
6 .94682861
7 .965342011
8 .955768075
9 .959542618
10 .938618575
11 .880931415
12 .882769189
SAMPLE 4：下例计算1998年12月最后两周产品260的销售量中已开发票数量和总数量的累积平均值
SELECT t.day_number_in_month,
REGR_AVGY(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_month_desc, t.day_number_in_month)
"Regr_AvgY",
REGR_AVGX(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_month_desc, t.day_number_in_month)
"Regr_AvgX"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id
AND s.prod_id = 260
AND t.fiscal_month_desc = '1998-12'
AND t.fiscal_week_number IN (51, 52)
ORDER BY t.day_number_in_month;
DAY_NUMBER_IN_MONTH Regr_AvgY Regr_AvgX
------------------- ---------- ----------
14 882 24.5
14 882 24.5
15 801 22.25
15 801 22.25
16 777.6 21.6
18 642.857143 17.8571429
18 642.857143 17.8571429
20 589.5 16.375
21 544 15.1111111
22 592.363636 16.4545455
22 592.363636 16.4545455
24 553.846154 15.3846154
24 553.846154 15.3846154
26 522 14.5
27 578.4 16.0666667
SAMPLE 5：下例计算产品260和270在1998年2月周末销售量中已开发票数量和总数量的累积REGR_SXY, REGR_SXX, and REGR_SYY统计值
SELECT t.day_number_in_month,
REGR_SXY(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_year, t.fiscal_month_desc) "Regr_sxy",
REGR_SYY(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_year, t.fiscal_month_desc) "Regr_syy",
REGR_SXX(s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold)
OVER (ORDER BY t.fiscal_year, t.fiscal_month_desc) "Regr_sxx"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id
AND prod_id IN (270, 260)
AND t.fiscal_month_desc = '1998-02'
AND t.day_number_in_week IN (6,7)
ORDER BY t.day_number_in_month;
DAY_NUMBER_IN_MONTH Regr_sxy Regr_syy Regr_sxx
------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
1 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
7 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
8 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
14 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
15 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
21 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
22 18870.4 2116198.4 258.4
• 103。ROW_NUMBER
功能描述：返回有序组中一行的偏移量，从而可用于按特定标准排序的行号。
SAMPLE：下例返回每个员工再在每个部门中按员工号排序后的顺序号
SELECT department_id, last_name, employee_id, ROW_NUMBER()
OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY employee_id) AS emp_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id < 50;
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME EMPLOYEE_ID EMP_ID
------------- ------------------------- ----------- ----------
10 Whalen 200 1
20 Hartstein 201 1
20 Fay 202 2
30 Raphaely 114 1
30 Khoo 115 2
30 Baida 116 3
30 Tobias 117 4
30 Himuro 118 5
30 Colmenares 119 6
40 Mavris 203 1
104。STDDEV
功能描述：计算当前行关于组的标准偏离。（Standard Deviation）
SAMPLE：下例返回部门30按雇佣日期排序的薪水值的累积标准偏离
SELECT last_name, hire_date,salary,
STDDEV(salary) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) "StdDev"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30;
LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE SALARY StdDev
------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Raphaely 07-12月-94 11000 0
Khoo 18-5月 -95 3100 5586.14357
Tobias 24-7月 -97 2800 4650.0896
Baida 24-12月-97 2900 4035.26125
Himuro 15-11月-98 2600 3649.2465
Colmenares 10-8月 -99 2500 3362.58829
105。STDDEV_POP
功能描述：该函数计算总体标准偏离，并返回总体变量的平方根，其返回值与VAR_POP函数的平方根相同。（Standard Deviation－Population）
SAMPLE：下例返回部门20、30、60的薪水值的总体标准偏差
SELECT department_id, last_name, salary,
STDDEV_POP(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department_id) AS pop_std
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in (20,30,60);
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME SALARY POP_STD
------------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
20 Hartstein 13000 3500
20 Fay 6000 3500
30 Raphaely 11000 3069.6091
30 Khoo 3100 3069.6091
30 Baida 2900 3069.6091
30 Colmenares 2500 3069.6091
30 Himuro 2600 3069.6091
30 Tobias 2800 3069.6091
60 Hunold 9000 1722.32401
60 Ernst 6000 1722.32401
60 Austin 4800 1722.32401
60 Pataballa 4800 1722.32401
60 Lorentz 4200 1722.32401
106。STDDEV_SAMP
功能描述： 该函数计算累积样本标准偏离，并返回总体变量的平方根，其返回值与VAR_POP函数的平方根相同。（Standard Deviation－Sample）
SAMPLE：下例返回部门20、30、60的薪水值的样本标准偏差
SELECT department_id, last_name, hire_date, salary,
STDDEV_SAMP(salary) OVER
(PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY hire_date
ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS cum_sdev
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in (20,30,60);
DEPARTMENT_ID LAST_NAME HIRE_DATE SALARY CUM_SDEV
------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
20 Hartstein 17-2月 -96 13000
20 Fay 17-8月 -97 6000 4949.74747
30 Raphaely 07-12月-94 11000
30 Khoo 18-5月 -95 3100 5586.14357
30 Tobias 24-7月 -97 2800 4650.0896
30 Baida 24-12月-97 2900 4035.26125
30 Himuro 15-11月-98 2600 3649.2465
30 Colmenares 10-8月 -99 2500 3362.58829
60 Hunold 03-1月 -90 9000
60 Ernst 21-5月 -91 6000 2121.32034
60 Austin 25-6月 -97 4800 2163.33077
60 Pataballa 05-2月 -98 4800 1982.42276
60 Lorentz 07-2月 -99 4200 1925.61678
107。SUM
功能描述：该函数计算组中表达式的累积和。
SAMPLE：下例计算同一经理下员工的薪水累积值
SELECT manager_id, last_name, salary,
SUM (salary) OVER (PARTITION BY manager_id ORDER BY salary
RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) l_csum
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id in (101,103,108);
MANAGER_ID LAST_NAME SALARY L_CSUM
---------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
101 Whalen 4400 4400
101 Mavris 6500 10900
101 Baer 10000 20900
101 Greenberg 12000 44900
101 Higgins 12000 44900
103 Lorentz 4200 4200
103 Austin 4800 13800
103 Pataballa 4800 13800
103 Ernst 6000 19800
108 Popp 6900 6900
108 Sciarra 7700 14600
108 Urman 7800 22400
108 Chen 8200 30600
108 Faviet 9000 39600
108。VAR_POP
功能描述：（Variance Population）该函数返回非空集合的总体变量（忽略null），VAR_POP进行如下计算：
(SUM(expr2) - SUM(expr)2 / COUNT(expr)) / COUNT(expr)
SAMPLE：下例计算1998年每月销售的累积总体和样本变量（本例在SH用户下运行）
SELECT t.calendar_month_desc,
VAR_POP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Pop",
VAR_SAMP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Samp"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id AND t.calendar_year = 1998
GROUP BY t.calendar_month_desc;
CALENDAR Var_Pop Var_Samp
-------- ---------- ----------
1998-01 0
1998-02 6.1321E+11 1.2264E+12
1998-03 4.7058E+11 7.0587E+11
1998-04 4.6929E+11 6.2572E+11
1998-05 1.5524E+12 1.9405E+12
1998-06 2.3711E+12 2.8453E+12
1998-07 3.7464E+12 4.3708E+12
1998-08 3.7852E+12 4.3260E+12
1998-09 3.5753E+12 4.0222E+12
1998-10 3.4343E+12 3.8159E+12
1998-11 3.4245E+12 3.7669E+12
1998-12 4.8937E+12 5.3386E+12
109。VAR_SAMP
功能描述：（Variance Sample）该函数返回非空集合的样本变量（忽略null），VAR_POP进行如下计算：
(SUM(expr*expr)-SUM(expr)*SUM(expr)/COUNT(expr))/(COUNT(expr)-1)
SAMPLE：下例计算1998年每月销售的累积总体和样本变量
SELECT t.calendar_month_desc,
VAR_POP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Pop",
VAR_SAMP(SUM(s.amount_sold))
OVER (ORDER BY t.calendar_month_desc) "Var_Samp"
FROM sales s, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id AND t.calendar_year = 1998
GROUP BY t.calendar_month_desc;
CALENDAR Var_Pop Var_Samp
-------- ---------- ----------
1998-01 0
1998-02 6.1321E+11 1.2264E+12
1998-03 4.7058E+11 7.0587E+11
1998-04 4.6929E+11 6.2572E+11
1998-05 1.5524E+12 1.9405E+12
1998-06 2.3711E+12 2.8453E+12
1998-07 3.7464E+12 4.3708E+12
1998-08 3.7852E+12 4.3260E+12
1998-09 3.5753E+12 4.0222E+12
1998-10 3.4343E+12 3.8159E+12
1998-11 3.4245E+12 3.7669E+12
1998-12 4.8937E+12 5.3386E+12
110。VARIANCE
功能描述：该函数返回表达式的变量，Oracle计算该变量如下：
如果表达式中行数为1，则返回0
如果表达式中行数大于1，则返回VAR_SAMP
SAMPLE：下例返回部门30按雇佣日期排序的薪水值的累积变化
SELECT last_name, salary, VARIANCE(salary)
OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) "Variance"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30;
LAST_NAME SALARY Variance
------------------------- ---------- ----------
Raphaely 11000 0
Khoo 3100 31205000
Tobias 2800 21623333.3
Baida 2900 16283333.3
Himuro 2600 13317000
Colmenares 2500 11307000