KDL(Kinematics and Dynamics Library)中定义了一个树来代表机器人的运动学和动力学参数,ROS中的kdl_parser提供了工具能将机器人描述文件URDF转换为KDL tree.
Kinematic Trees: 链或树形结构。已经有多种方式来定义机构的运动学结构,KDL使用图论中的术语来定义:
- A closed-loop mechanism is a graph, 闭链机构是一幅图
- an open-loop mechanism is a tree, 开链机构是一棵树
- an unbranched tree is a chain. 没有分支的树是一个运动链
KDL Chain和KDL Tree都由最基本的KDL Segments元素串接而成,Segment可以理解为机构运动链上的一个运动部件。如下图所示KDL Segment包含关节KDL Joint 以及部件的质量/惯性属性KDL RigidBodyInertia,并且定义了一个参考坐标系Freference和末端坐标系Ftip
KDL segment
末端到关节坐标系的转换由Ttip描述。在一个运动链或树中,子部件会被添加到父部件的末端,因此上一个部件的Ftip就是下一个部件的参考坐标系Freference (tip frame of parent = reference frame of the child). 通常Fjoint和Freference是重合的,但是也可以存在偏移。
KDL chain
KDL tree
KDL中的定义与URDF中的定义基本是一样的:
也可以参考MATLAB Robotics System Toolbox中的对Rigid Body Tree Robot Model的描述:
Python中创建KDL tree
参考pykdl_utils,pykdl_utils中包含了kdl_parser.py(用于解析URDF文件并将其转换为KDL tree或chain),kdl_kinematics.py(封装了KDL kinematics的一系列函数,使得用Python调用更方便)等实用程序。下面先安装urdfdom_py(Python implementation of the URDF parser):
sudo apt-get install ros-indigo-urdfdom-py
然后在github上下载pykdl_utils的源代码,使用catkin_make进行编译。
convert URDF objects into PyKDL.Tree
首先通过urdf_parser_py来解析URDF文件,有下面几种使用方式:通过xml字符串解析、xml文件解析,以及从ROS 参数服务器获取robot_description字符串信息。
#! /usr/bin/env python # Load the urdf_parser_py manifest, you use your own package # name on the condition but in this case, you need to depend on # urdf_parser_py. import roslib; roslib.load_manifest('urdfdom_py') import rospy # Import the module from urdf_parser_py.urdf import URDF # 1. Parse a string containing the robot description in URDF. # Pro: no need to have a roscore running. # Cons: n/a # Note: it is rare to receive the robot model as a string. robot = URDF.from_xml_string("<robot name='myrobot'></robot>") # - OR - # 2. Load the module from a file. # Pro: no need to have a roscore running. # Cons: using hardcoded file location is not portable. robot = URDF.from_xml_file() # - OR - # 3. Load the module from the parameter server. # Pro: automatic, no arguments are needed, consistent # with other ROS nodes. # Cons: need roscore to be running and the parameter to # to be set beforehand (through a roslaunch file for # instance). robot = URDF.from_parameter_server() # Print the robot print(robot)
下面编写一个简单的robot.urdf文件,创建一个连杆机器人。joint1为与基座link0相连的基关节,joint3为末端关节。
<robot name="test_robot"> <link name="link0" /> <link name="link1" /> <link name="link2" /> <link name="link3" /> <joint name="joint1" type="continuous"> <parent link="link0"/> <child link="link1"/> <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" /> <axis xyz="1 0 0" /> </joint> <joint name="joint2" type="continuous"> <parent link="link1"/> <child link="link2"/> <origin xyz="0 0 1" rpy="0 0 0" /> <axis xyz="1 0 0" /> </joint> <joint name="joint3" type="continuous"> <parent link="link2"/> <child link="link3"/> <origin xyz="0 0 1" rpy="0 0 0" /> <axis xyz="1 0 0" /> </joint> </robot>