Internally, a list is represented as an array; the largest costs come from growing beyond the current allocation size (because everything must move), or from inserting or deleting somewhere near the beginning (because everything after that must move). If you need to add/remove at both ends, consider using a collections.deque instead.

Operation

Average Case

Amortized Worst Case

Copy

O(n)

O(n)

Append[1]

O(1)

O(1)

Insert

O(n)

O(n)

Get Item

O(1)

O(1)

Set Item

O(1)

O(1)

Delete Item

O(n)

O(n)

Iteration

O(n)

O(n)

Get Slice

O(k)

O(k)

Del Slice

O(n)

O(n)

Set Slice

O(k+n)

O(k+n)

Extend[1]

O(k)

O(k)

Sort

O(n log n)

O(n log n)

Multiply

O(nk)

O(nk)

x in s

O(n)

min(s), max(s)

O(n)

Get Length

O(1)

O(1)

collections.deque

Operation

Average Case

Amortized Worst Case

Copy

O(n)

O(n)

append

O(1)

O(1)

appendleft

O(1)

O(1)

pop

O(1)

O(1)

popleft

O(1)

O(1)

extend

O(k)

O(k)

extendleft

O(k)

O(k)

rotate

O(k)

O(k)

remove

O(n)

O(n)

set

Operation

Average case

Worst Case

x in s

O(1)

O(n)

Union s|t

O(len(s)+len(t))

Intersection s&t

O(min(len(s), len(t))

O(len(s) * len(t))

Difference s-t

O(len(s))

s.difference_update(t)

O(len(t))

Symmetric Difference s^t

O(len(s))

O(len(s) * len(t))

s.symmetric_difference_update(t)

O(len(t))

O(len(t) * len(s))

  • As seen in the source code the complexities for set difference s-t or s.difference(t) (set_difference()) and in-place set difference s.difference_update(t) (set_difference_update_internal()) are different! The first one is O(len(s)) (for every element in s add it to the new set, if not in t). The second one is O(len(t)) (for every element in t remove it from s). So care must be taken as to which is preferred, depending on which one is the longest set and whether a new set is needed.

  • To perform set operations like s-t, both s and t need to be sets. However you can do the method equivalents even if t is any iterable, for example s.difference(l), where l is a list.
  • dict

    Note that there is a fast-path for dicts that (in practice) only deal with str keys; this doesn't affect the algorithmic complexity, but it can significantly affect the constant factors: how quickly a typical program finishes.

    Operation

    Average Case

    Amortized Worst Case

    Copy[2]

    O(n)

    O(n)

    Get Item

    O(1)

    O(n)

    Set Item[1]

    O(1)

    O(n)

    Delete Item

    O(1)

    O(n)

    Iteration[2]

    O(n)

    O(n)







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