insane-Mr-Li

简介
f-string,亦称为格式化字符串常量(formatted string literals),是Python3.6新引入的一种字符串格式化方法,该方法源于PEP 498 – Literal String Interpolation,主要目的是使格式化字符串的操作更加简便。f-string在形式上是以 f 或 F 修饰符引领的字符串(f\'xxx\'或 F\'xxx\'),以大括号 {} 标明被替换的字段;f-string在本质上并不是字符串常量,而是一个在运行时运算求值的表达式:

While other string literals always have a constant value, formatted strings are really expressions evaluated at run time. 
(与具有恒定值的其它字符串常量不同,格式化字符串实际上是运行时运算求值的表达式。) 
—— Python Documentation

 

f-string在功能方面不逊于传统的%-formatting语句和str.format()函数,同时性能又优于二者,且使用起来也更加简洁明了,因此对于Python3.6及以后的版本,推荐使用f-string进行字符串格式化。

用法
此部分内容主要参考以下资料:

Python Documentation – Formatted String Literals
Python Documentation – Format String Syntax
PEP 498 – Literal String Interpolation
Python 3’s f-Strings: An Improved String Formatting Syntax (Guide)
python3 f-string格式化字符串的高级用法
Python 3: An Intro to f-strings
简单使用
f-string用大括号 {} 表示被替换字段,其中直接填入替换内容:

>>> name = \'Eric\'
>>> f\'Hello, my name is {name}\'
\'Hello, my name is Eric\'

>>> number = 7
>>> f\'My lucky number is {number}\'
\'My lucky number is 7\'

>>> price = 19.99
>>> f\'The price of this book is {price}\'
\'The price of this book is 19.99\'

表达式求值与函数调用
f-string的大括号 {} 可以填入表达式或调用函数,Python会求出其结果并填入返回的字符串内:

>>> f\'A total number of {24 * 8 + 4}\'
\'A total number of 196\'

>>> f\'Complex number {(2 + 2j) / (2 - 3j)}\'
\'Complex number (-0.15384615384615388+0.7692307692307692j)\'

>>> name = \'ERIC\'
>>> f\'My name is {name.lower()}\'
\'My name is eric\'

>>> import math
>>> f\'The answer is {math.log(math.pi)}\'
\'The answer is 1.1447298858494002\'


引号、大括号与反斜杠
f-string大括号内所用的引号不能和大括号外的引号定界符冲突,可根据情况灵活切换 \' 和 ":

>>> f\'I am {"Eric"}\'
\'I am Eric\'
>>> f\'I am {\'Eric\'}\'
File "<stdin>", line 1
f\'I am {\'Eric\'}\'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

若 \' 和 " 不足以满足要求,还可以使用 \'\'\' 和 """:

>>> f"He said {"I\'m Eric"}"
File "<stdin>", line 1
f"He said {"I\'m Eric"}"
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> f\'He said {"I\'m Eric"}\'
File "<stdin>", line 1
f\'He said {"I\'m Eric"}\'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> f"""He said {"I\'m Eric"}"""
"He said I\'m Eric"
>>> f\'\'\'He said {"I\'m Eric"}\'\'\'
"He said I\'m Eric"

大括号外的引号还可以使用 \ 转义,但大括号内不能使用 \ 转义:

>>> f\'\'\'He\\'ll say {"I\'m Eric"}\'\'\'
"He\'ll say I\'m Eric"
>>> f\'\'\'He\'ll say {"I\\'m Eric"}\'\'\'
File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash


f-string大括号外如果需要显示大括号,则应输入连续两个大括号 {{ 和 }}:

>>> f\'5 {"{stars}"}\'
\'5 {stars}\'
>>> f\'{{5}} {"stars"}\'
\'{5} stars\'


上面提到,f-string大括号内不能使用 \ 转义,事实上不仅如此,f-string大括号内根本就不允许出现 \。如果确实需要 \,则应首先将包含 \ 的内容用一个变量表示,再在f-string大括号内填入变量名:

>>> f"newline: {ord(\'\n\')}"
File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash

>>> newline = ord(\'\n\')
>>> f\'newline: {newline}\'
\'newline: 10\'

多行f-string
f-string还可用于多行字符串:

>>> name = \'Eric\'
>>> age = 27
>>> f"Hello!" \
... f"I\'m {name}." \
... f"I\'m {age}."
"Hello!I\'m Eric.I\'m 27."
>>> f"""Hello!
... I\'m {name}.
... I\'m {age}."""
"Hello!\n I\'m Eric.\n I\'m 27."

自定义格式:对齐、宽度、符号、补零、精度、进制等
f-string采用 {content:format} 设置字符串格式,其中 content 是替换并填入字符串的内容,可以是变量、表达式或函数等,format是格式描述符。采用默认格式时不必指定 {:format},如上面例子所示只写 {content} 即可。

关于格式描述符的详细语法及含义可查阅Python官方文档,这里按使用时的先后顺序简要介绍常用格式描述符的含义与作用:

 

 

 

 

注1:0width 不可用于复数类型和非数值类型,width.precision 不可用于整数类型。 
注2:width.precision 用于不同格式类型的浮点数、复数时的含义也不同:用于 f、F、e、E 和 % 时 precision 指定的是小数点后的位数,用于 g 和 G 时 precision 指定的是有效数字位数(小数点前位数+小数点后位数)。 
注3:width.precision 除浮点数、复数外还可用于字符串,此时 precision 含义是只使用字符串中前 precision 位字符。

示例:

>>> a = 123.456
>>> f\'a is {a:8.2f}\'
\'a is 123.46\'
>>> f\'a is {a:08.2f}\'
\'a is 00123.46\'
>>> f\'a is {a:8.2e}\'
\'a is 1.23e+02\'
>>> f\'a is {a:8.2%}\'
\'a is 12345.60%\'
>>> f\'a is {a:8.2g}\'
\'a is 1.2e+02\'

>>> s = \'hello\'
>>> f\'s is {s:8s}\'
\'s is hello \'
>>> f\'s is {s:8.3s}\'
\'s is hel \'

>>> a = 1234567890.098765
>>> f\'a is {a:f}\'
\'a is 1234567890.098765\'
>>> f\'a is {a:,f}\'
\'a is 1,234,567,890.098765\'
>>> f\'a is {a:_f}\'
\'a is 1_234_567_890.098765\'

>>> b = 1234567890
>>> f\'b is {b:_b}\'
\'b is 100_1001_1001_0110_0000_0010_1101_0010\'
>>> f\'b is {b:_o}\'
\'b is 111_4540_1322\'
>>> f\'b is {b:_d}\'
\'b is 1_234_567_890\'
>>> f\'b is {b:_x}\'
\'b is 4996_02d2\'

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>>> a = 1234
>>> f\'a is {a:^#10X}\'      # 居中,宽度10位,十六进制整数(大写字母),显示0X前缀
\'a is   0X4D2   \'
 
>>> b = 1234.5678
>>> f\'b is {b:<+10.2f}\'    # 左对齐,宽度10位,显示正号(+),定点数格式,2位小数
\'b is +1234.57  \'
 
>>> c = 12345678
>>> f\'c is {c:015,d}\'      # 高位补零,宽度15位,十进制整数,使用,作为千分分割位
\'c is 000,012,345,678\'
 
>>> d = 0.5 + 2.5j
>>> f\'d is {d:30.3e}\'      # 宽度30位,科学计数法,3位小数
\'d is           5.000e-01+2.500e+00j\'
 
>>> import datetime
>>> e = datetime.datetime.today()
>>> f\'the time is {e:%Y-%m-%d (%a) %H:%M:%S}\'   # datetime时间格式
\'the time is 2018-07-14 (Sat) 20:46:02\'
  • lambda表达式

f-string大括号内也可填入lambda表达式,但lambda表达式的 : 会被f-string误认为是表达式与格式描述符之间的分隔符,为避免歧义,需要将lambda表达式置于括号 () 内:

>>> f\'result is {lambda x: x ** 2 + 1 (2)}\'
  File "<fstring>", line 1
    (lambda x)
             ^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
 
>>> f\'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2)}\'
\'result is 5\'
>>> f\'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2):<+7.2f}\'

 

 

综合示例
>>> a = 1234
>>> f\'a is {a:^#10X}\' # 居中,宽度10位,十六进制整数(大写字母),显示0X前缀
\'a is 0X4D2 \'

>>> b = 1234.5678
>>> f\'b is {b:<+10.2f}\' # 左对齐,宽度10位,显示正号(+),定点数格式,2位小数
\'b is +1234.57 \'

>>> c = 12345678
>>> f\'c is {c:015,d}\' # 高位补零,宽度15位,十进制整数,使用,作为千分分割位
\'c is 000,012,345,678\'

>>> d = 0.5 + 2.5j
>>> f\'d is {d:30.3e}\' # 宽度30位,科学计数法,3位小数
\'d is 5.000e-01+2.500e+00j\'

>>> import datetime
>>> e = datetime.datetime.today()
>>> f\'the time is {e:%Y-%m-%d (%a) %H:%M:%S}\' # datetime时间格式
\'the time is 2018-07-14 (Sat) 20:46:02\'
lambda表达式
f-string大括号内也可填入lambda表达式,但lambda表达式的 : 会被f-string误认为是表达式与格式描述符之间的分隔符,为避免歧义,需要将lambda表达式置于括号 () 内:

>>> f\'result is {lambda x: x ** 2 + 1 (2)}\'
File "<fstring>", line 1
(lambda x)
^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing

>>> f\'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2)}\'
\'result is 5\'
>>> f\'result is {(lambda x: x ** 2 + 1) (2):<+7.2f}\'

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版权声明:本文为CSDN博主「vitrovitro」的原创文章,遵循CC 4.0 BY-SA版权协议,转载请附上原文出处链接及本声明。
原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/yizhuanlu9607/java/article/details/89530982

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