水中竞速-仿生推进机器人
So for such cases, the idea of electrical stimulation of the retina or visual cortex was proposed, the creation of a prosthesis that, by the mechanism of action, simulates the actual processes of transmission of electrical signals.
因此，在这种情况下，提出了对视网膜或视皮层进行电刺激的想法，并创建了一种假体，该假体通过作用机制模拟了电信号传输的实际过程。
There are several variants of electronic implants, each year new ideas appear, but the term and the Bionic Eye itself were developed by Daniel Palanker, a staff member at Stanford University and his research group Biomedical Physics and Ophthalmic Technologies.
电子植入物有多种变体，每年都有新的想法出现，但该术语和“仿生眼”本身是由斯坦福大学的工作人员丹尼尔·帕兰克及其研究小组生物医学物理和眼科技术开发的。
The implantation of the Argus II bionic eye model (by the way, the only model that has an EU brand, but not certified in Russia) was performed in Russia in July 2017 for one patient. And from all sources of television broadcasting we heard — now a person will be able to see the world as before. Hundreds of people are asked to put a bionic eye, and some also ask to “implant” the chips for super-vision.
2017年7月，在俄罗斯为一名患者进行了Argus II仿生眼模型的植入(顺便说一句，这是唯一一个具有欧盟品牌但未在俄罗斯获得认证的模型)。 从电视广播的所有来源中我们都听到了-现在，一个人将能够像以前一样看到世界。 数百人被要求仿生，有些人还被要求“植入”芯片以进行监督。
So what do we have today and can the dream to see the world come true after it has lost sight?
那么，我们今天拥有什么？在世界失去视线之后，实现世界的梦想能够实现吗？
零售业的生物学方面 (BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROTESISING THE RETAIL)
Bionic are called prostheses and implantable elements of parts of the human body that are similar in appearance and function to real organs or limbs. Today, bionic arms, legs, hearts, and also organs of hearing successfully help people to have a full life. The purpose of creating an electronic eye is to help the visually impaired with problems of the retina or optic nerve. Implantable instead of the damaged retina, the device should replace millions of photoreceptor cells of the eye, if not 100%.
仿生被称为假肢，是人体各部分的外观和功能类似于真实器官或四肢的可植入元件。 如今，仿生手臂，腿部，心脏以及听觉器官已成功地帮助人们充实生活。 创建电子眼的目的是帮助视障人士解决视网膜或视神经问题。 如果不是100％，该设备应植入而不是损坏的视网膜，以取代数百万只眼睛的感光细胞。
The technology for the eyes is similar to that used in hearing aids that help deaf people hear. Thanks to her, patients are less likely to lose their residual vision, and those who lose their sight see the light and have at least some ability to orient themselves in space.
眼睛技术类似于助听器使用的助听器。 多亏了她，患者才不太可能失去残余的视力，而那些失去视力的患者则看到了光，并且至少具有一定的定向空间的能力。
技术方面 (TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS)
The general principle of the electronic eye is as follows: a miniature camera is embedded in special glasses, information about the image is transmitted to the device, which converts the image into an electronic signal and sends it to a special transmitter, which in turn sends an electronic signal to an implanted eye or brain the receiver, or information is transmitted through tiny wires to the electrodes attached to the retina, they stimulate the remaining nerves of the retina by sending electrical impulses to the brain cut optic nerves. The device is designed to compensate for lost visual sensations with complete or incomplete loss of vision.
电子眼的一般原理如下：将微型相机嵌入专用眼镜中，有关图像的信息会传输到设备，设备将图像转换为电子信号，然后将其发送到特殊的发送器，后者再发送电子信号传递到植入的眼睛或接收器的大脑，或者信息通过细线传输到附着在视网膜上的电极，它们通过向脑部切割的视神经发送电脉冲来刺激视网膜的其余神经。 该设备旨在补偿视力完全丧失或不完全丧失的视觉损失。
The main conditions for successful operation of the system:
系统成功运行的主要条件：
- The presence in the patient's eye and brain of a part of living nerve cells. 在患者的眼睛和大脑中存在一部分活神经细胞。
- Patients should be people who once were normally seen, since those who are blind from birth cannot use such devices. Suitable people who have long seen and have a rich visual experience. As a result, they see little, but they have an idea about objects and guess what kind of object it is. In short, the cerebral cortex and the possession of sufficient intelligence must be developed. 患者应该是曾经见过的人，因为出生时失明的人不能使用这种装置。 适合长期看过并具有丰富视觉体验的人。 结果，他们看不到东西，但是他们对物体有了一个想法，并猜测它是什么样的物体。 简而言之，必须开发大脑皮层并拥有足够的智力。
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And, of course, the more pixels there will be in the chip, the clearer the resulting image will be.
而且，当然，芯片中的像素越多，生成的图像越清晰。
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Long service life — while nobody knows the life of these devices. The first implantation of bionic eyes in Germany ended with the fact that after a year all patients were removed. Even to those who saw something. This was even written in the German press.
使用寿命长-没人知道这些设备的寿命。 在德国首次植入仿生眼的结果是，一年后所有患者均被摘除。 甚至对于那些看到了东西的人。 这甚至是在德国媒体上写的。
- Technological method of charging. Now they work on the principle of induction, not on batteries. Charged like an electric toothbrush. 充电的技术方法。 现在它们以感应原理工作，而不是电池。 像电动牙刷一样充电。
- Along the way, the issue of oxidation, heating, etc. should be addressed. For example, a perforated structure after implantation may allow the retinal nerve cells to automatically flow from the upper and lower surfaces of the photosensor through the cavities and connect, as well as reduce the heating of the pixels and increase their number. 在此过程中，应解决氧化，加热等问题。 例如，植入后的穿Kong结构可允许视网膜神经细胞自动地从光电传感器的上表面和下表面通过腔流动并连接，以及减少像素的发热并增加其数量。
假体的显微外科 (MICROSURGICAL ASPECTS OF PROSTHESIS)
These are the most extensive operations. If you describe, for example, the implantation of a subretinal (located under the retina) bionic eye — you need to fully lift the retina, then do an extensive retinectomy (cut off part of the retina), then install this chip under the retina, then retina the retina with a retinal laser, glue the retina with laser coagulation and pour silicone oil. Silicone tamponade is necessary, otherwise PVR (proliferative vitreoretinopathy) will appear instantly and detachment will occur. Yes, there should also be no own lens, or it should be pre-replaced with an artificial lens.
这些是最广泛的操作。 例如，如果您描述的是植入视网膜下(位于视网膜下方)的仿生眼-您需要完全提起视网膜，然后进行广泛的视网膜切除术(切除部分视网膜)，然后将该芯片安装在视网膜下，然后使用视网膜激光将视网膜视网膜，激光凝结并粘合视网膜，然后倒入硅油。 必需填塞硅胶，否则会立即出现PVR(增生性玻璃体视网膜病变)并发生脱离。 是的，也应该没有自己的镜片，或者应该预先用人造镜片代替。
For the operation you need special tools with gentle silicone tips. This is a completely uneasy operation, moreover, an orofacial surgeon or an ENT is also needed — they bring the electrodes out through the skin. And it turns out such a device — the chip inside the eye, and in the hands of such a device the size of a mobile phone, with which you can change the intensity of the signal, it connects to the subcutaneous electrodes. One ophthalmologist-surgeon during the operation is not enough — help from other disciplines is needed, the operation lasts a long 6 hours.
操作时，您需要特殊的工具以及柔软的硅胶笔尖。 这是完全不容易的手术，此外，还需要口腔外科医师或耳鼻喉科医师-他们将电极从皮肤中带出。 事实证明，这样的设备-眼睛内部的芯片，以及在这种设备的手中，手机的大小与手机一样，可以用来改变信号强度，它连接到皮下电极。 手术期间仅一名眼科医生外科医生是不够的-需要其他学科的帮助，手术需要长达6个小时。
假体的经济方面 (ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROSTHESIS)
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First, it is expensive. Only the device costs about 150 thousand dollars, that is almost 8.5 million rubles. And all the treatment of one such patient can reach 10 million rubles. This is a model Argus II. Today, in some countries, for example, in Germany, this operation is paid for by insurance.
首先，它很昂贵。 仅设备成本约15万美元，即近850万卢布。 一名这样的患者的全部治疗费用可以达到一千万卢布。 这是Argus II型。 如今，在某些国家/地区，例如在德国，此操作由保险支付。
- Firms engaged in development and production all over the world live on state subsidies, on grants. This is great — such things should be supported, otherwise there will be no development. 全世界从事开发和生产的公司靠国家补贴和赠款生活。 太好了-应该支持这些事情，否则就不会有发展。
- There is no certificate in Russia for any of the following devices. 以下任何设备在俄罗斯都没有证书。
假体的医学方面 (MEDICAL ASPECTS OF PROSTHESIS)
1. The results are quite modest — after the operation such people cannot be called sighted, they see a maximum of 0.05, i.e. they can see the contours and determine the direction of movement of the shadow, do not distinguish colors at all, objects can differ only those that are remembered from the former “sighted” life, for example: “aha — this is probably a banana, because something is semicircular”. They see that something is moving on them, they can guess that this is a man, but his face is not distinguished.
1.结果非常适中-手术后不能称其为视力的人，他们看到的最大值为0.05，即他们可以看到轮廓并确定阴影的移动方向，根本不区分颜色，物体可以仅与那些从以前的“有眼光”的生活中记住的记忆不同，例如：“啊哈-这可能是香蕉，因为某些东西是半圆形的”。 他们看到有什么事正在发生，他们可以猜测这是一个男人，但是他的脸并没有区别。
2. Under what diseases can a bionic eye be useful?
2.仿生眼在哪些疾病下有用？
The first patients are patients with retinitis pigmentosa (retinitis pigmentoza), a disease with a primary disappearance of photoreceptors and secondary atrophy of the optic nerve. In Russia, there are 20-30 thousand such patients, in Germany there are only a few thousand.
最初的患者是色素性视网膜炎(色素性视网膜炎)，该疾病以感光细胞原发性消失和继发性视神经萎缩为主要疾病。 在俄罗斯，有2万到3万名这样的病人，在德国只有几千名。
Next in line are patients with geographic atrophic macular degeneration. This is an extremely common age pathology of the eye.
其次是患有地理萎缩性黄斑变性的患者。 这是眼睛极为普遍的年龄病理。
The third will be patients with glaucoma. Glaucoma has not yet been studied, since the atrophy of the optic nerve in this case is primary, so the mode of transmission must be different — bypassing the optic nerve.
第三是青光眼患者。 青光眼尚未进行研究，因为在这种情况下视神经萎缩是原发性的，因此传输方式必须有所不同-绕过视神经。
Diabetes is the most difficult problem to solve. One of the methods of treating diabetic changes on the retina is laser coagulation over the entire surface. After such a procedure, it is technically impossible to lift the retina due to coagulants — this results in a “sieve”. And if not done by a laser, the situation is no better: usually the eye is so damaged that implantation is useless in this case.
糖尿病是最难解决的问题。 治疗视网膜上的糖尿病变化的方法之一是在整个表面上进行激光凝结。 经过这样的程序，由于凝结剂，在技术上不可能抬高视网膜-这会导致“筛子”。 如果不使用激光，情况也不会更好：通常情况下，眼睛是如此受损，以至于这种情况下植入是无用的。
3. Unfortunately, the current prototype of the bionic eye does not allow people to see the world around us as we see it. Their goal is to move independently without help. Until the mass use of this technology is far, however, scientists will give hope to people who have lost their sight.
3.不幸的是，当前的仿生眼原型无法让人们看到我们周围的世界。 他们的目标是在没有帮助的情况下独立行动。 但是，直到广泛使用该技术之前，科学家们都会为失去视力的人们带来希望。
当前的《仿生眼睛》项目 (CURRENT PROJECTS OF «BIONIC EYES»)
In the past few decades, scientists from different countries have been working on the ideas of bionic electronic eyes. Each time the technologies are improved, but no one has yet introduced their product to the market for mass use.
在过去的几十年中，来自不同国家的科学家一直在研究仿生电子眼的想法。 每次对技术进行改进时，都还没有人将其产品推向市场以供大规模使用。
1.阿格斯视网膜假体 (1. Argus retinal prosthesis)
The Argus retinal prosthesis is an American project that is fairly well commercialized. The first model was developed by a team of researchers in the early 1990s: Pakistani-born ophthalmologist Mark Hameiun (Mark Humayun, by the way, Professor Sekundo is familiar with him at Johns Hopkins University — at that time he was a resident of the 2nd year, Walter was a student) Eugen Dayan, engineer Howard Phillips, bioengineer Ventay Lew and Robert Greenberg. The first model, released in the late 1990s, by Second Sight had only 16 electrodes.
阿格斯视网膜假体是美国的一个商业化的项目。 第一个模型是由一组研究人员在1990年代初期开发的：巴基斯坦出生的眼科医生Mark Hameiun(顺便说一句，Mark Humayun，Sekundo教授在约翰·霍普金斯大学很熟悉，当时他是第二医院的住院医师。那一年，沃尔特(Walter)是一名学生)Eugen Dayan，工程师Howard Phillips，生物工程师Ventay Lew和Robert Greenberg。 Second Sight在1990年代后期发布的第一个模型只有16个电极。
The “field trials” of the first version of the bionic retina were conducted by Mark Hameiun to six patients with vision loss as a result of retinitis pigmentosa disease between 2002 and 2004. Retinitis pigmentosa is an incurable disease in which a person loses sight. It is observed in approximately one case for every three and a half thousand people.
Mark Hameiun对2002年至2004年之间因色素性视网膜炎引起的视力丧失的6名视力丧失患者进行了第一版仿生视网膜的“现场试验”。色素性视网膜炎是一种无法治愈的疾病，患者会失明。 每三千五百人中大约有一种被观察到。
Patients who were implanted with a bionic eye showed the ability not only to distinguish between light and movement, but also to determine objects the size of a cup for tea or even a knife.
植入仿生眼的患者不仅具有区分光和运动的能力，而且还具有确定茶杯甚至刀子大小的物体的能力。
The testing device was improved — instead of the sixteen photosensitive electrodes, sixty electrodes were mounted into it and called Argus II. In 2007, a multicenter study was initiated in 10 centers in 4 countries in the USA and Europe — a total of 30 patients. In 2012, Argus II received permission for commercial use in Europe, a year later in 2013 — in the United States. In Russia there is no permission.
测试设备得到了改进-代替了16个光敏电极，而是将60个电极安装到其中，并称为Argus II。 2007年，在美国和欧洲的4个国家/地区的10个中心开始了一项多中心研究，总共有30名患者。 2012年，Argus II在欧洲获准商业使用，一年后的2013年，在美国。 在俄罗斯没有允许。
To this day, these studies are subsidized by government funds, in the US there are three — the National Eye Institute, the Department of Energy, and the National Science Foundation, as well as a number of research laboratories.
迄今为止，这些研究都是由政府资助的，在美国，有三所研究机构-国家眼科研究所，能源部和国家科学基金会，以及许多研究实验室。
2.基于微系统的视觉假体(MIVP) (2. Microsystem-based visual prosthesis (MIVP))
The prosthesis model was designed by Claude Veraart at the University of Louvain as a spiral cuff of electrodes around the optic nerve at the back of the eye. It connects with a stimulator implanted in a small hole in the skull. The stimulator receives signals from an external camera, which are translated into electrical signals that stimulate the optic nerve directly.
假体模型是由Louvain大学的Claude Veraart设计的，它是围绕在眼后视神经周围的螺旋形电极套。 它与植入颅骨小Kong中的刺激器相连。 刺激器从外部摄像机接收信号，这些信号被转换为直接刺激视神经的电信号。
3.植入式微型望远镜 (3. Implantable miniature telescope)
In fact, this device cannot be called a “retinal prosthesis”, since this telescope is implanted into the back chamber of the eye and works as a magnifying glass that increases the retinal image by 2.2 or 2.7 times, which makes it possible to reduce the effect on cattle vision (blind spots) in the central part. Implanted only in one eye, since the presence of a telescope impairs peripheral vision. The second eye works for the periphery. Implanted through a rather large incision of the cornea.
实际上，该设备不能称为“视网膜假体”，因为该望远镜被植入眼睛的后腔，并用作放大镜，可将视网膜图像增加2.2倍或2.7倍，从而有可能减小对牛视力(盲点)的影响。 由于望远镜的存在会削弱周边视力，因此只能植入一只眼睛。 第二只眼睛对周围起作用。 通过相当大的角膜切口植入。
By the way, a similar principle is used in additional Shariott intraocular lenses. I have the most extensive experience of implanting these lenses in Russia and the patients are happy with the results. In this case, cataract phacoemulsification is first performed. Although it is, of course, not 100% bionic eye.
顺便说一下，其他Shariott人工晶状体也采用了类似的原理。 我拥有在俄罗斯植入这些晶状体的最丰富经验，患者对结果感到满意。 在这种情况下，首先进行白内障超声乳化。 虽然它当然不是100％的仿生眼。
More about this in previous posts:
在以前的文章中对此有更多的了解：
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Cataract: it is waiting for you personally (if you live, of course)
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We implant an artificial lens (you will need it after 60 years)
4.图宾根MPDA项目Alpha IMS (4. Tübingen MPDA Project Alpha IMS)
In 1995, the development of subretinal retinal prostheses began in the University Eye Clinic of Tubingen. A chip with microphotodiodes fit under the retina, which perceived light and transformed it into electrical signals that stimulate ganglion cells like a natural process in photoreceptors of the intact retina.
1995年，图宾根大学眼科医院开始研发视网膜下视网膜假体。 带有微光电二极管的芯片安装在视网膜下方，该芯片可以感知光并将其转换为电信号，像完整视网膜的感光器中的自然过程一样，刺激神经节细胞。
Of course, photoreceptors are much more sensitive than artificial photodiodes, so they required special amplification.
当然，感光器比人工光电二极管敏感得多，因此需要特殊的放大。
The first experiments with micro pigs and rabbits were started in 2000, and only in 2009 implants were implanted in 11 patients as part of a clinical pilot study. The first results were encouraging — most patients were able to distinguish day from night, some even could recognize objects — a cup, a spoon, monitor the movement of large objects. By the way, the further fate of these patients was sad — to all participants in the experiment, even those who saw something, according to the signed agreement, the “bionic eyes” were removed and they returned to their original state.
微型猪和兔子的第一个实验始于2000年，作为临床试验研究的一部分，只有2009年才对11名患者植入了植入物。 最初的结果令人鼓舞-大多数患者能够区分白天和黑夜，有些甚至可以识别物体-杯子，勺子，监控大物体的运动。 顺便说一下，这些患者的命运更加悲惨-对于所有参加实验的人，甚至是那些看到了东西的人，根据签署的协议，“仿生眼”都被摘除，他们恢复了原始状态。
Today Alpha IMS, produced by Retina Implant AG Germany, has 1500 electrodes, size 3 × 3 mm, 70 microns thick. After installation under the retina, this allows almost all patients to get some degree of restoration of light perception.
今天，由德国Retina Implant AG生产的Alpha IMS具有1500个电极，尺寸为3×3毫米，厚度为70微米。 在视网膜下安装后，这几乎使所有患者都能获得一定程度的光感恢复。
Technically, this complex operation in Germany is performed only in three centers: in Aachen, in Tübingen and Leipzig. As a result, surgeons from the so-called Cologne school, students of the professor of vitreoretinal surgeon Heinemann, unfortunately, died early from leukemia, but all his students became heads of departments in Tübingen, Leipzig and in Aachen.
从技术上讲，这种复杂的操作仅在德国的三个中心进行：在亚琛，蒂宾根和莱比锡。 结果，不幸的是，来自科隆学校的外科医生，玻璃体外科医生海涅曼教授的学生死于白血病，但他的所有学生都成为了蒂宾根，莱比锡和亚琛的系主任。
This group of scientists exchanges experience, conducts joint scientific research, these surgeons (in Aachen — Professor Walter (this is his name), in Tübingen — Professor Bartz-Schmitz) have the most extensive experience with bionic eyes, because in this case 7-8 -10 implantations are considered a great experience.
这组科学家交流经验，进行联合科学研究，这些外科医生(在亚琛-沃尔特教授(这是他的名字)，在图宾根-巴茨-施米茨教授)在仿生眼方面拥有最广泛的经验，因为在这种情况下，7- 8 -10个植入被认为是很棒的经验。 Alpha IMS in the fundus眼底的Alpha IMS
5.哈佛/麻省理工学院的视网膜植入物 (5. Harvard/MIT Retinal Implant)
Joseph Rizzo and John Wyatt from Massachusetts began exploring the possibility of creating a retinal prosthesis in 1989, and conducted stimulation tests on blind volunteers between 1998 and 2000. Today it is the idea of a device of a minimally invasive wireless subretinal neurostimulator consisting of a mass of electrodes, which is placed under the retina in the subretinal space and receives image signals from a camera mounted on a pair of glasses. The chip stimulator decodes the image data from the camera and stimulates the retinal ganglion cells, respectively. The prosthesis of the second generation collects data and transmits them to the implant through radio-frequency fields from the coil of transmitters mounted on the glasses. The secondary coil of the receiver is sewn around the iris.
来自马萨诸塞州的约瑟夫·里佐(Joseph Rizzo)和约翰·怀亚特(John Wyatt)于1989年开始探索创建视网膜假体的可能性，并在1998年至2000年之间对盲人志愿者进行了刺激测试。如今，人们想到了一种微创无线视网膜下神经刺激器的装置，该装置包括一堆电极，放置在视网膜下空间的视网膜下方，并从安装在一对眼镜上的相机接收图像信号。 芯片刺激器分别解码来自摄像机的图像数据并刺激视网膜神经节细胞。 第二代假体收集数据并将其通过射频场从安装在眼镜上的发射器线圈中传输到植入物。 接收器的次级线圈缝在虹膜周围。
MIT Retinal Implant Model
麻省理工学院视网膜植入模型
6.人工硅视网膜(ASR) (6. Artificial silicon retina (ASR))
Brothers Alan Chow and Vincent Chow developed a microchip containing 3500 photodiodes that detect light and convert it into electrical impulses that stimulate healthy retinal ganglion cells. «Artificial silicone retina» does not require the use of external devices. The ASR microchip is a silicon chip with a diameter of 2 mm (the same concept as in computer chips), 25 microns thick, containing ~ 5000 microscopic solar cells called “microphotodiodes”, each of which has its own stimulating electrode.
Alan Chow和Vincent Chow兄弟开发了一种微芯片，其中包含3500个光电二极管，可以检测光并将其转换为刺激健康的视网膜神经节细胞的电脉冲。 «人造硅树脂视网膜»不需要使用外部设备。 ASR微芯片是硅芯片，直径为2毫米(与计算机芯片中的概念相同)，厚25微米，包含约5000个称为“微光电二极管”的微型太阳能电池，每个太阳能电池都有自己的刺激电极。
ASR scheme
ASR方案
7.光伏视网膜假体 (7. Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis)
Daniel Palanker and his group at Stanford University developed the photovoltaic system, which is also the «bionic eye.» The system includes a subretinal photodiode and an infrared projection image system installed on the video glasses.
斯坦福大学的丹尼尔·帕兰克(Daniel Palanker)和他的团队开发了光伏系统，这也是“仿生眼”。 该系统包括视网膜下光电二极管和安装在视频眼镜上的红外投影图像系统。
Information from the video camera is processed in the device and displayed in a pulse infrared (850-915 nm) video image. The infrared image is projected onto the retina through the natural optics of the eye and activates photodiodes in a subretinal implant that convert light into a pulsed biphasic electrical current at each pixel.
来自摄像机的信息在设备中进行处理，并显示在脉冲红外(850-915 nm)视频图像中。 红外图像通过眼睛的自然光学系统投射到视网膜上，并**视网膜下植入物中的光电二极管，该光电二极管将光转换为每个像素处的脉冲双相电流。
The signal intensity can be further increased by increasing the total voltage provided by the radio frequency drive of the implantable power source.
通过增加由可植入电源的射频驱动器提供的总电压，可以进一步提高信号强度。
The similarity between electrodes and neural cells, which is necessary to stimulate high resolution, can be achieved using the effect of retinal migration.
电极和神经细胞之间的相似性是刺激高分辨率所必需的，可以使用视网膜迁移的作用来实现。
8.仿生视觉澳大利亚 (8. Bionic Vision Australia)
An Australian team led by Professor Anthony Burkitt is developing two retinal prostheses.
由安东尼·伯基特(Anthony Burkitt)教授领导的澳大利亚团队正在研发两种视网膜假体。
The Wide-View device combines new technologies with materials that have been successfully used for other clinical implants. This approach includes a microchip with 98 stimulating electrodes and is aimed at increasing patient mobility to help them navigate safely in their environment. This implant will be placed in the suprachoroidal space. The first tests of patients with this device started in 2013.
Wide-View设备结合了新技术和已成功用于其他临床植入物的材料。 这种方法包括带有98个刺激电极的微芯片，旨在提高患者的活动能力，以帮助他们在自己的环境中安全导航。 该植入物将被放置在脉络膜上腔中。 使用此设备的患者的首次测试始于2013年。
Bionic Vision Australia is a microchip implant with 1024 electrodes. This implant is placed in the suprachoroidal space. Each prototype consists of a camera attached to a pair of glasses, which sends a signal to an implanted microchip, where it is converted into electrical impulses to stimulate the remaining healthy retinal neurons. This information is then transmitted to the optic nerve and visual processing centers of the brain.
Bionic Vision Australia是具有1024个电极的微芯片植入物。 该植入物放置在脉络膜上腔中。 每个原型都由一副连接在眼镜上的照相机组成，该照相机将信号发送到植入的微芯片，在芯片中将其转换为电脉冲，以刺激剩余的健康视网膜神经元。 然后，此信息被传输到大脑的视神经和视觉处理中心。
The Australian Research Council awarded Bionic Vision Australia a grant of $ 42 million in December 2009, and the consortium was officially launched in March 2010. Bionic Vision Australia brings together a multidisciplinary team, many of whom have extensive experience in developing medical devices, such as the bionic ear.
澳大利亚研究委员会于2009年12月向Bionic Vision Australia授予了4,200万澳元的赠款，该财团于2010年3月正式启动。Bionic Vision Australia召集了一个多学科团队，其中许多人在开发医疗设备方面拥有丰富的经验，例如仿生耳朵。
Thanks to researchers from the Institute of Bionics (Melbourne, Australia) and the company evok3d, working on the «bionic eye», people suffering from retinal pigment dystrophy and age-related molecular degeneration, in the future will be able to restore vision. The recovery procedures require the remaining ganglion cells in the patient, a healthy optic nerve, and a healthy visual cortex. In this case, the person has the opportunity to regain his sight.
得益于来自仿生学研究所(澳大利亚墨尔本)和evok3d公司的研究人员，他们致力于“仿生眼”的研究，使患有视网膜色素营养不良和与年龄相关的分子变性的人将来能够恢复视力。 恢复过程需要患者中剩余的神经节细胞，健康的视神经和健康的视皮层。 在这种情况下，该人有机会重新获得视力。
For the manufacture of the prototype of the eye, as well as the mold for its casting, scientists from the Institute of Bionics turned for help to specialists from evok3d, a company specializing in 3D services, and used the ProJet 1200 3D printer to print an artificial eye.
为了制造眼睛的原型以及铸造模具，来自仿生学研究所的科学家向寻求3D服务的公司evok3d的专家求助，并使用ProJet 1200 3D打印机打印了人造眼。
It took only four hours to print a prototype on the ProJet 1200, before the advent of 3D printing, it took weeks or even months to make it. This is how 3D printing accelerated the research and production process.
在3D打印问世之前，在ProJet 1200上打印原型只花了四个小时，而制作它花了几周甚至几个月的时间。 这就是3D打印加速研发和生产过程的方式。
The bionic visual system includes a camera transmitting radio signals to a microchip located at the back of the eye. These signals are converted into electrical impulses, stimulating cells in the retina and optic nerve. Then they are transmitted to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex and are transformed into an image that the patient sees.
仿生视觉系统包括将无线电信号传输到位于眼睛后部的微芯片的照相机。 这些信号被转换成电脉冲，刺激视网膜和视神经中的细胞。 然后它们被传输到大脑皮层的可视区域，并转换成患者可以看到的图像。
9.多贝利之眼 (9. Dobelle Eye)
Similarly, the function of the Harvard / MIT device (6), except for the stimulatory microcircuit, which is implanted directly into the brain in the primary visual cortex, and not on the retina. First impressions of the implant were good. Even at the development stage, after Dobel's death, it was decided to turn this project from a commercial one into a project funded by the state.
同样，哈佛大学/麻省理工学院的设备(6)的功能，除了刺激性微电路外，它直接植入大脑的主要视觉皮层，而不是视网膜。 植入物的第一印象很好。 即使在开发阶段，多贝尔(Dobel)死后，还是决定将该项目从商业项目转变为国家资助的项目。
10.皮质内视觉假体 (10. Intracortical visual prosthesis)
The laboratory of neural prostheses from the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is developing a visual prosthesis using intracortical electrodes. In principle, similar to the Dobel system, the use of intracortical electrodes can significantly increase the spatial resolution in the stimulation signals (more electrodes per unit area). In addition, a wireless telemetry system is being developed to eliminate the need for transcranial (intracranial) wires. Electrodes coated with a layer of activated iridium oxide film (AIROF) will be implanted in the visual cortex located in the occipital lobe of the brain. The outdoor unit will capture the image, process it and generate instructions, which will then be transmitted to the implanted modules via a telemetric link. The circuit decodes the instructions and stimulates the electrodes, in turn stimulating the visual cortex. The group develops sensors for external image acquisition and processing systems to accompany specialized implantable modules built into the system. Currently, animal studies and human psychophysical studies are being conducted to test the feasibility of implanting volunteers.
芝加哥伊利诺伊理工学院的神经假体实验室正在开发使用皮层内电极的视觉假体。 原则上，类似于Dobel系统，皮质内电极的使用可以显着提高刺激信号的空间分辨率(每单位面积更多的电极)。 另外，正在开发无线遥测系统以消除对经颅(颅内)线的需求。 涂有一层活化氧化铱膜(AIROF)的电极将被植入位于大脑枕叶的视觉皮层中。 室外单元将捕获图像，对其进行处理并生成指令，然后将其通过遥测链路传输到植入的模块。 电路解码指令并刺激电极，进而刺激视觉皮层。 该小组开发了用于外部图像采集和处理系统的传感器，以配合系统中内置的专用可植入模块。 目前，正在进行动物研究和人类心理生理研究，以测试植入志愿者的可行性。
总 (TOTAL)
Now everything is in the stage, if not primary, but of such secondary development that there is no question of mass exploitation and the solution of all problems at all. Too few people have been operated on and it’s impossible to talk about mass production. Currently, this is still a development stage.
现在，一切都处于阶段，即使不是初级阶段，也处于次级发展阶段，根本就没有大规模利用和解决所有问题的问题。 进行手术的人很少，因此无法谈论批量生产。 目前，这仍处于发展阶段。
The first works began more than 20 years ago. In 2000-2001, something began to turn out in mice. Currently we got the first results in humans. That is such a speed.
首批作品始于20多年前。 在2000-2001年，老鼠身上开始出现某种现象。 目前，我们在人类中取得了第一个结果。 这样的速度。
While there is something serious, another twenty years may pass. We are at a very, very early stage, at which there is a first positive effect — recognition of contours, light, and not at all — until they can predict to whom it will help, and to whom it will not.
虽然发生了严重的事情，但可能还会再过二十年。 我们正处于非常非常早期的阶段，在此阶段会产生第一个积极影响-识别轮廓，光线，而不是根本不识别-直到他们可以预测对谁有帮助，对谁无用。
Surgeons who are engaged in these experiments — counted on the fingers.
从事这些实验的外科医生数不胜数。
Implanting one prosthesis is for advertising purposes only. These works should be carried out by people who have the opportunity to do 100-200 operations per year in the framework of one project group in order for a critical mass to appear. Then there will be an understanding of when the effect can be expected. Such programs should be subsidized by budget or specialized funds.
植入一个假体仅用于广告目的。 这些工作应该由有机会在一个项目组的框架下每年进行100-200次操作的人员来执行，以使临界数量出现。 然后将了解何时可以预期效果。 此类方案应由预算或专门资金补贴。
Although there is still no perfect model, all existing ones need to be improved, scientists believe that in the future, the electronic eye can replace the function of retinal cells and help people gain even the slightest ability to see with diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, senile blindness and glaucoma.
尽管还没有完美的模型，但所有现有模型都需要改进，科学家们相信，将来，电子眼可以取代视网膜细胞的功能，并帮助人们获得最轻微的视力，例如色素性视网膜炎，黄斑变性，老年性失明和青光眼。 If you have your own ideas, how else can technologies be used to bring back sight to people (albeit still difficult to implement) — we suggest discussing them below.如果您有自己的想法，那么还可以使用其他技术将人们带回人们的视线(尽管仍然难以实施)-我们建议在下面进行讨论。
And the story of bionic contact lenses, the potential of genome editing, how to hear colors through something implanted in the brain — in the following posts.
在以下文章中，还将介绍仿生隐形眼镜的故事，基因组编辑的潜力，如何通过植入大脑的某种物质听到颜色。
翻译自: https://habr.com/en/company/klinika_shilovoy/blog/511188/
水中竞速-仿生推进机器人