A macro lens is a lens designed for taking extremely close-up photos of the subject. If you’ve ever seen a photo of a spider’s eyes or the veins of a leaf, that was a macro photo.
微距镜头是设计用于对被摄体进行超特写拍摄的镜头。 如果您曾经看过一张蜘蛛眼或树叶的静脉的照片，那就是一张微距照片。
Most macro photos are taken with the camera within a foot or so of the subject. Non-macro lenses just won’t focus this close to the subject. Their Minimum Focus Distance (MFD) is normally around three feet. For a macro lens, the MFD is generally somewhere between 8 and 12 inches.
大多数微距照片是用相机在距被摄对象约一英尺的范围内拍摄的。 非微距镜头只是无法将其聚焦在靠近拍摄对象的地方。 它们的最小聚焦距离(MFD)通常约为三英尺。 对于微距镜头，MFD通常在8到12英寸之间。
What really sets a macro lens apart isn’t just its close MFD, however—it’s the fact it combines a close MFD with a relatively long focal length. You can get your camera close to the subject and appear to zoom in close.
真正使微距镜头与众不同的不仅是其近距MFD，而是它结合了近距MFD和相对较长的焦距。 您可以使相机靠近拍摄对象， 并且 看起来会放大近 。
A perfect macro lens has an MFD and focal length that together allow you to get a 1:1 “reproduction ratio”. This means that the object you’re photographing is reproduced at exactly the same size it is in real life, on the camera sensor.
完美的微距镜头具有MFD和焦距，可以使您获得1：1的“复制比例”。 这意味着要在相机传感器上以与现实生活中完全相同的尺寸复制要拍摄的对象。
Let’s take a moment and think about this. If I take a portrait of someone so that their face covers the full image, then their roughly ten inch head is being reproduced at about one inch high on the camera sensor. That’s a reproduction ratio of 10:1. If I take a photo of a spiders’ head, however, I can have its quarter inch head reproduced at the exact same size. This is where the magnification comes from.
让我们花点时间考虑一下。 如果我拍摄某人的肖像，以使他们的脸覆盖整个图像，则在相机传感器上以大约1英寸高的高度再现大约10英寸的头部。 那是10：1的复制比例。 但是，如果我拍摄蜘蛛头的照片，则可以以完全相同的大小复制它的四分之一英寸头。 这就是放大倍数的来源。
Macro photography doesn’t strictly have to have a reproduction ratio of 1:1. That only occurs when you’re using a good macro set up right at its MFD. In reality, you can get great looking macro photos even if the reproduction ration is 1:0.7 or even lower. Even 1:0.5 is going to be a lot closer than you’d be able to get with a regular lens.
微距摄影不一定必须具有1：1的复制比例。 仅当您在其MFD上使用良好的宏设置时，才会发生这种情况。 实际上，即使复制比例为1：0.7甚至更低，您也可以获得精美的微距照片。 即使是1：0.5，也将比使用普通镜头所能达到的距离近得多。
The good news is that they aren’t just for macro photography. They’re almost always short telephoto lenses with wide apertures which makes them great portrait lenses, too.
好消息是它们不仅仅用于微距摄影。 它们几乎总是带短光圈的短焦远摄镜头 ，这也使它们成为出色的人像镜头 。
If you’re interested in macro photography but are put off by the $900 price tag of something like a Canon 100mm f/2.8L Macro Lens, then there are other ways to take macro photos. You won’t have quite as much control as you get with a dedicated lens, but you can still take some stunning photos with some very simple equipment. Check out our guide to enjoying macro photography on the cheap for more.
如果您对微距摄影感兴趣但被佳能100mm f / 2.8L微距镜头之类的900美元价格所吸引，那么还有其他方法可以拍摄微距照片。 您不会像使用专用镜头那样拥有太多的控制权，但是您仍然可以使用一些非常简单的设备拍摄一些令人惊叹的照片。 查看我们的指南，以更便宜的价格享受微距摄影 。
Image Credits: Paul Morris and Alex Keda.
图片来源： Paul Morris和Alex Keda 。
翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/321601/what-is-a-macro-lens-in-photography/