量子通信 中微子通信
Let’s take a look at how they do it, and why their work matters.
让我们看一下他们是如何做到的，以及为什么他们的工作很重要。
量子网络的希望 (The promise of quantum networks)
Data is considered secure if it expires before it can be fully deciphered. Thanks to the increasing power of supercomputers, this is getting harder and harder to achieve. 10 years ago, a Pentium 4-based cluster
如果数据在可以完全解密之前过期，则被认为是安全的。 由于超级计算机功能的增强，实现这一点变得越来越难。 10年前，基于Pentium 4的集群could ***** 1024-bit RSA encryption in just 104 hours. Imagine what modern supercomputers are capable of!可以在104小时内**1024位RSA加密。 想象一下现代超级计算机的功能！
One of the ways to increase the time it takes to decipher data is by breaking it up into small pieces and encrypting each message with an individual key. The
增加解密数据所需时间的一种方法是将数据分成小块，然后使用单个**对每个消息进行加密。 众所周知， One-Time Pad technique, as it is now known, can be perfectly secure, provided the keys are kept secret. However, traditional networks allow for these keys to be intercepted. Enter quantum data lines capable of transmitting information using single photons that self-destruct on interception. “Quantum Communications LLC” — a daughter company of ITMO University — is working to make quantum networking a reality. The business is headed by 一次性**技术是完全安全的，只要**保密。 但是，传统网络允许拦截这些**。 输入能够使用在拦截时自毁的单光子传输信息的量子数据线。 ITMO大学的子公司“ Quantum Communications LLC”正在努力使量子网络成为现实。 该业务由我们的量子计算实验室的Artur Gleim of our quantum computing lab, and Artur Gleim以及国际光子学和光信息技术研究所的Sergei Kozlov of the International Institute of Photonics and Optical Information Technology.Sergei Kozlov领导。
这个怎么运作 (How it works)
The project utilizes sideband transmission, meaning that the photons are being generated via phase modulation. This allows data to be transmitted at the speed of 400Mbit/s over a 200-meter-long cable. A laser generates a 1550 nm wavelength impulse and sends it to an electrooptical phase modulator. The modulator is fed a radio signal that is used to modify the laser impulse, creating two sidebands. The signal, which, by that point, consists of a carrier wave and a set of subcarriers lagging 10-20 picometers behind, is then encoded bit by bit with a series of phase shifts, and transmitted to the receiving party. The receiver separates the sidebands from the carrier wave using a spectral filter, reverses the modulation and decrypts the data.
该项目利用边带传输，这意味着光子是通过相位调制生成的。 这使得数据可以通过200米长的电缆以400Mbit / s的速度传输。 激光产生1550 nm的波长脉冲，并将其发送到电光相位调制器。 向调制器馈入无线电信号，该信号用于修改激光脉冲，从而产生两个边带。 到那时，该信号由一个载波和一组滞后10-20皮米的子载波组成，然后通过一系列相移逐位编码，然后发送到接收方。 接收器使用频谱滤波器将边带与载波分离，逆调制并解密数据。
The exchange described above, while being secure, does not require a secure channel. As the secret keys are generated, the system measures the channel’s error rate. This metric can reliably tell us if there is an active attempt to intercept the data. If everything is good to go, the errors are corrected, and the communication is allowed to proceed.
上述交换虽然是安全的，但不需要安全信道。 生成**后，系统会测量通道的错误率。 该指标可以可靠地告诉我们是否有主动尝试拦截数据。 如果一切顺利，将纠正错误，并允许进行通讯。
未来的计划 (Future plans)
Despite the theoretical safety of quantum networks, we are yet to achieve it in real life. The equipment in use is still new and not without its vulnerabilities. Several years ago, a group of engineers from the University of Waterloo found an interesting way to intercept quantum data. If a light detector on the transmission path is ‘blinded’ with a strong impulse, it stops reacting to further photons (or their absence). You can use this to confuse the security system.
尽管量子网络具有理论上的安全性，但我们还没有在现实生活中实现它。 使用中的设备仍然是新设备，并且并非没有漏洞。 几年前，滑铁卢大学的一组工程师找到了一种有趣的拦截量子数据的方法。 如果传输路径上的光检测器被强烈脉冲“遮蔽”，它将停止对其他光子(或不存在光子)做出React。 您可以使用它来混淆安全系统。
This is possible to fix — but only at the cost of completely redesigning receivers and doing away with light sensors. As of now, such devices are too expensive to be used outside of highly specialised labs.
这是可以解决的，但仅以完全重新设计接收器并取消光传感器为代价。 到目前为止，此类设备过于昂贵，无法在高度专业的实验室之外使用。
“Our team is also looking for new solutions. We’re partnered with a number of research teams — both local and from abroad. If we can overcome hardware-level vulnerabilities, quantum networks are bound to spread far and drive cutting-edge tech further” — says Artur Gleim.
“我们的团队也在寻找新的解决方案。 我们与本地和国外的许多研究团队合作。 如果我们能够克服硬件级别的漏洞，那么量子网络势必会传播得更远，并进一步推动尖端技术的发展。” – Artur Gleim说。
等待爆发的市场 (A market waiting to erupt)
An increasing number of Russian businesses are interested in quantum solutions. Quantum Communications LLC alone sells 5 data transmission systems per year. Each of them costs from $125,000 to $150000, depending on their length (from 10 to 200 km). This is a competitive offer, given that similarly priced systems from foreign manufacturers are built to lower spec.
越来越多的俄罗斯企业对量子解决方案感兴趣。 仅Quantum Communications LLC每年就销售5个数据传输系统。 它们的价格从125,000美元到150000美元不等，具体取决于长度(从10到200公里)。 鉴于外国制造商的价格类似的系统是为降低规格而制造的，因此这是一项具有竞争力的产品。
Last year Quantum Communications LLC attracted more than $1,25 million in investments. This cash will help them establish an international presence, as well as pour money into some of their side projects. They already expressed a wish to develop a quantum system for data centre control. The team bets on modular products that can be easily integrated into existing networking setups.
去年，Quantum Communications LLC吸引了超过1.25亿美元的投资。 这笔现金将帮助他们建立国际影响力，并将资金投入其一些副项目。 他们已经表示希望开发一种用于数据中心控制的量子系统。 团队押注可以轻松集成到现有网络设置中的模块化产品。
Quantum data transmission systems will drive the networks of the future, particularly in security-conscious sectors of the market. SDNs will offer quantum encryption alongside its traditional counterparts, with the latter continuing to safeguard information of limited ‘shelf life’.
量子数据传输系统将驱动未来的网络，特别是在市场上注重安全性的领域。 SDN将与传统的同类产品一起提供量子加密，后者将继续保护有限的“保质期”信息。
Further reading:进一步阅读：
-
GoROBO: an educational initiative from the ITMO University startup accelerator
-
ITMO University startup accelerator introduces Laeneco, a smart stethoscope
量子通信 中微子通信