文章简介
这一篇主要围绕线程状态控制相关的操作分析线程的原理,比如线程的中断、线程的通信等
内容导航
-
线程的启动的实现原理
-
线程停止的实现原理分析
-
为什么中断线程会抛出InterruptedException
线程的启动原理
前面我们简单分析过了线程的使用,通过调用线程的start方法来启动线程,线程启动后会调用run方法执行业务逻辑,run方法执行完毕后,线程的生命周期也就终止了。 很多同学最早学习线程的时候会比较疑惑,启动一个线程为什么是调用start方法,而不是run方法,这做一个简单的分析,先简单看一下start方法的定义
-
public class Thread implements Runnable { -
... -
public synchronized void start() { -
/** -
* This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system" -
* group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added -
* to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM. -
* -
* A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW". -
*/ -
if (threadStatus != 0) -
throw new IllegalThreadStateException(); -
/* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started -
* so that it can be added to the group's list of threads -
* and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */ -
group.add(this); -
boolean started = false; -
try { -
start0(); //注意这里 -
started = true; -
} finally { -
try { -
if (!started) { -
group.threadStartFailed(this); -
} -
} catch (Throwable ignore) { -
/* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then -
it will be passed up the call stack */ -
} -
} -
} -
private native void start0();//注意这里 -
...
我们看到调用start方法实际上是调用一个native方法start0()来启动一个线程,首先start0()这个方法是在Thread的静态块中来注册的,代码如下
-
public class Thread implements Runnable { -
/* Make sure registerNatives is the first thing <clinit> does. */ -
private static native void registerNatives(); -
static { -
registerNatives(); -
}
这个registerNatives的作用是注册一些本地方法提供给Thread类来使用,比如start0()、isAlive()、currentThread()、sleep();这些都是大家很熟悉的方法。 registerNatives的本地方法的定义在文件 Thread.cThread.c定义了各个操作系统平台要用的关于线程的公共数据和操作,以下是Thread.c的全部内容
-
static JNINativeMethod methods[] = { -
{"start0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_StartThread}, -
{"stop0", "(" OBJ ")V", (void *)&JVM_StopThread}, -
{"isAlive", "()Z", (void *)&JVM_IsThreadAlive}, -
{"suspend0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_SuspendThread}, -
{"resume0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_ResumeThread}, -
{"setPriority0", "(I)V", (void *)&JVM_SetThreadPriority}, -
{"yield", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Yield}, -
{"sleep", "(J)V", (void *)&JVM_Sleep}, -
{"currentThread", "()" THD, (void *)&JVM_CurrentThread}, -
{"countStackFrames", "()I", (void *)&JVM_CountStackFrames}, -
{"interrupt0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Interrupt}, -
{"isInterrupted", "(Z)Z", (void *)&JVM_IsInterrupted}, -
{"holdsLock", "(" OBJ ")Z", (void *)&JVM_HoldsLock}, -
{"getThreads", "()[" THD, (void *)&JVM_GetAllThreads}, -
{"dumpThreads", "([" THD ")[[" STE, (void *)&JVM_DumpThreads}, -
{"setNativeName", "(" STR ")V", (void *)&JVM_SetNativeThreadName}, -
}; -
#undef THD -
#undef OBJ -
#undef STE -
#undef STR -
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL -
Java_java_lang_Thread_registerNatives(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls) -
{ -
(*env)->RegisterNatives(env, cls, methods, ARRAY_LENGTH(methods)); -
}
从这段代码可以看出,start0(),实际会执行 JVM_StartThread方法,这个方法是干嘛的呢? 从名字上来看,似乎是在JVM层面去启动一个线程,如果真的是这样,那么在JVM层面,一定会调用Java中定义的run方法。那接下来继续去找找答案。我们找到 jvm.cpp这个文件;这个文件需要下载hotspot的源码才能找到.
-
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_StartThread(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread)) -
JVMWrapper("JVM_StartThread"); -
... -
native_thread = new JavaThread(&thread_entry, sz); -
...
JVM_ENTRY是用来定义 JVM_StartThread函数的,在这个函数里面创建了一个真正和平台有关的本地线程. 本着打破砂锅查到底的原则,继续看看 newJavaThread做了什么事情,继续寻找JavaThread的定义 在hotspot的源码中 thread.cpp文件中1558行的位置可以找到如下代码
-
JavaThread::JavaThread(ThreadFunction entry_point, size_t stack_sz) : -
Thread() -
#if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS -
, _satb_mark_queue(&_satb_mark_queue_set), -
_dirty_card_queue(&_dirty_card_queue_set) -
#endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS -
{ -
if (TraceThreadEvents) { -
tty->print_cr("creating thread %p", this); -
} -
initialize(); -
_jni_attach_state = _not_attaching_via_jni; -
set_entry_point(entry_point); -
// Create the native thread itself. -
// %note runtime_23 -
os::ThreadType thr_type = os::java_thread; -
thr_type = entry_point == &compiler_thread_entry ? os::compiler_thread : -
os::java_thread; -
os::create_thread(this, thr_type, stack_sz); -
_safepoint_visible = false; -
// The _osthread may be NULL here because we ran out of memory (too many threads active). -
// We need to throw and OutOfMemoryError - however we cannot do this here because the caller -
// may hold a lock and all locks must be unlocked before throwing the exception (throwing -
// the exception consists of creating the exception object & initializing it, initialization -
// will leave the VM via a JavaCall and then all locks must be unlocked). -
// -
// The thread is still suspended when we reach here. Thread must be explicit started -
// by creator! Furthermore, the thread must also explicitly be added to the Threads list -
// by calling Threads:add. The reason why this is not done here, is because the thread -
// object must be fully initialized (take a look at JVM_Start) -
}
这个方法有两个参数,第一个是函数名称,线程创建成功之后会根据这个函数名称调用对应的函数;第二个是当前进程内已经有的线程数量。最后我们重点关注与一下 os::create_thread,实际就是调用平台创建线程的方法来创建线程。 接下来就是线程的启动,会调用Thread.cpp文件中的Thread::start(Thread* thread)方法,代码如下
-
void Thread::start(Thread* thread) { -
trace("start", thread); -
// Start is different from resume in that its safety is guaranteed by context or -
// being called from a Java method synchronized on the Thread object. -
if (!DisableStartThread) { -
if (thread->is_Java_thread()) { -
// Initialize the thread state to RUNNABLE before starting this thread. -
// Can not set it after the thread started because we do not know the -
// exact thread state at that time. It could be in MONITOR_WAIT or -
// in SLEEPING or some other state. -
java_lang_Thread::set_thread_status(((JavaThread*)thread)->threadObj(), -
java_lang_Thread::RUNNABLE); -
} -
os::start_thread(thread); -
} -
}
start方法中有一个函数调用: os::start_thread(thread);,调用平台启动线程的方法,最终会调用Thread.cpp文件中的JavaThread::run()方法
-
// The first routine called by a new Java thread -
void JavaThread::run() { -
// initialize thread-local alloc buffer related fields -
this->initialize_tlab(); -
// used to test validitity of stack trace backs -
this->record_base_of_stack_pointer(); -
// Record real stack base and size. -
this->record_stack_base_and_size(); -
// Initialize thread local storage; set before calling MutexLocker -
this->initialize_thread_local_storage(); -
this->create_stack_guard_pages(); -
this->cache_global_variables(); -
// Thread is now sufficient initialized to be handled by the safepoint code as being -
// in the VM. Change thread state from _thread_new to _thread_in_vm -
ThreadStateTransition::transition_and_fence(this, _thread_new, _thread_in_vm); -
assert(JavaThread::current() == this, "sanity check"); -
assert(!Thread::current()->owns_locks(), "sanity check"); -
DTRACE_THREAD_PROBE(start, this); -
// This operation might block. We call that after all safepoint checks for a new thread has -
// been completed. -
this->set_active_handles(JNIHandleBlock::allocate_block()); -
if (JvmtiExport::should_post_thread_life()) { -
JvmtiExport::post_thread_start(this); -
} -
EventThreadStart event; -
if (event.should_commit()) { -
event.set_javalangthread(java_lang_Thread::thread_id(this->threadObj())); -
event.commit(); -
} -
// We call another function to do the rest so we are sure that the stack addresses used -
// from there will be lower than the stack base just computed -
thread_main_inner(); -
// Note, thread is no longer valid at this point! -
}
这个方法中主要是做一系列的初始化操作,最后有一个方法 thread_main_inner, 接下来看看这个方法的逻辑是什么样的
-
void JavaThread::thread_main_inner() { -
assert(JavaThread::current() == this, "sanity check"); -
assert(this->threadObj() != NULL, "just checking"); -
// Execute thread entry point unless this thread has a pending exception -
// or has been stopped before starting. -
// Note: Due to JVM_StopThread we can have pending exceptions already! -
if (!this->has_pending_exception() && -
!java_lang_Thread::is_stillborn(this->threadObj())) { -
{ -
ResourceMark rm(this); -
this->set_native_thread_name(this->get_thread_name()); -
} -
HandleMark hm(this); -
this->entry_point()(this, this); -
} -
DTRACE_THREAD_PROBE(stop, this); -
this->exit(false); -
delete this; -
}
和主流程无关的代码咱们先不去看,直接找到最核心的代码块 this->entry_point()(this,this);, 这个entrypoint应该比较熟悉了,因为我们在前面提到了,在::JavaThread这个方法中传递的第一个参数,代表函数名称,线程启动的时候会调用这个函数。 如果大家还没有晕车的话,应该记得我们在jvm.cpp文件中看到的代码,在创建 native_thread=newJavaThread(&thread_entry,sz); 的时候传递了一个threadentry函数,所以我们在jvm.cpp中找到这个函数的定义如下
-
static void thread_entry(JavaThread* thread, TRAPS) { -
HandleMark hm(THREAD); -
Handle obj(THREAD, thread->threadObj()); -
JavaValue result(T_VOID); -
JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result, -
obj, -
KlassHandle(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Thread_klass()), -
vmSymbols::run_method_name(), //注意这里 -
vmSymbols::void_method_signature(), -
THREAD); -
}
可以看到 vmSymbols::run_method_name()这个调用,其实就是通过回调方法调用Java线程中定义的run方法, run_method_name是一个宏定义,在vmSymbols.hpp文件中可以找到如下代码
-
#define VM_SYMBOLS_DO(template, do_alias) -
... -
template(run_method_name, "run") -
...
所以结论就是,Java里面创建线程之后必须要调用start方法才能真正的创建一个线程,该方法会调用虚拟机启动一个本地线程,本地线程的创建会调用当前系统创建线程的方法进行创建,并且线程被执行的时候会回调
run方法进行业务逻辑的处理
线程的终止方法及原理
线程的终止有主动和被动之分,被动表示线程出现异常退出或者run方法执行完毕,线程会自动终止。主动的方式是 Thread.stop()来实现线程的终止,但是stop()方法是一个过期的方法,官方是不建议使用,理由很简单,stop()方法在中介一个线程时不会保证线程的资源正常释放,也就是不会给线程完成资源释放工作的机会,相当于我们在linux上通过kill -9强制结束一个进程。
那么如何安全的终止一个线程呢?
我们先看一下下面的代码,代码演示了一个正确终止线程的方法,至于它的实现原理,稍后我们再分析
-
public class InterruptedDemo implements Runnable{ -
public void run() { -
long i=0l; -
while(!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()){//notice here -
i++; -
} -
System.out.println("result:"+i); -
} -
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { -
InterruptedDemo interruptedDemo=new InterruptedDemo(); -
Thread thread=new Thread(interruptedDemo); -
thread.start(); -
Thread.sleep(1000);//睡眠一秒 -
thread.interrupt();//notice here -
} -
}
代码中有两处需要注意,在main线程中,调用了线程的interrupt()方法、在run方法中,while循环中通过 Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()来判断线程中断的标识。所以我们在这里猜想一下,应该是在线程中维护了一个中断标识,通过 thread.interrupt()方法去改变了中断标识的值使得run方法中while循环的判断不成立而跳出循环,因此run方法执行完毕以后线程就终止了。
线程中断的原理分析
我们来看一下 thread.interrupt()方法做了什么事情
-
public class Thread implements Runnable { -
... -
public void interrupt() { -
if (this != Thread.currentThread()) -
checkAccess(); -
synchronized (blockerLock) { -
Interruptible b = blocker; -
if (b != null) { -
interrupt0(); // Just to set the interrupt flag -
b.interrupt(this); -
return; -
} -
} -
interrupt0(); -
} -
...
这个方法里面,调用了interrupt0(),这个方法在前面分析start方法的时候见过,是一个native方法,这里就不再重复贴代码了,同样,我们找到jvm.cpp文件,找到JVM_Interrupt的定义
-
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_Interrupt(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread)) -
JVMWrapper("JVM_Interrupt"); -
// Ensure that the C++ Thread and OSThread structures aren't freed before we operate -
oop java_thread = JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread); -
MutexLockerEx ml(thread->threadObj() == java_thread ? NULL : Threads_lock); -
// We need to re-resolve the java_thread, since a GC might have happened during the -
// acquire of the lock -
JavaThread* thr = java_lang_Thread::thread(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread)); -
if (thr != NULL) { -
Thread::interrupt(thr); -
} -
JVM_END
这个方法比较简单,直接调用了 Thread::interrupt(thr)这个方法,这个方法的定义在Thread.cpp文件中,代码如下
-
void Thread::interrupt(Thread* thread) { -
trace("interrupt", thread); -
debug_only(check_for_dangling_thread_pointer(thread);) -
os::interrupt(thread); -
}
Thread::interrupt方法调用了os::interrupt方法,这个是调用平台的interrupt方法,这个方法的实现是在 os_*.cpp文件中,其中星号代表的是不同平台,因为jvm是跨平台的,所以对于不同的操作平台,线程的调度方式都是不一样的。我们以os_linux.cpp文件为例
-
void os::interrupt(Thread* thread) { -
assert(Thread::current() == thread || Threads_lock->owned_by_self(), -
"possibility of dangling Thread pointer"); -
//获取本地线程对象 -
OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread(); -
if (!osthread->interrupted()) {//判断本地线程对象是否为中断 -
osthread->set_interrupted(true);//设置中断状态为true -
// More than one thread can get here with the same value of osthread, -
// resulting in multiple notifications. We do, however, want the store -
// to interrupted() to be visible to other threads before we execute unpark(). -
//这里是内存屏障,这块在后续的文章中会剖析;内存屏障的目的是使得interrupted状态对其他线程立即可见 -
OrderAccess::fence(); -
//_SleepEvent相当于Thread.sleep,表示如果线程调用了sleep方法,则通过unpark唤醒 -
ParkEvent * const slp = thread->_SleepEvent ; -
if (slp != NULL) slp->unpark() ; -
} -
// For JSR166. Unpark even if interrupt status already was set -
if (thread->is_Java_thread()) -
((JavaThread*)thread)->parker()->unpark(); -
//_ParkEvent用于synchronized同步块和Object.wait(),这里相当于也是通过unpark进行唤醒 -
ParkEvent * ev = thread->_ParkEvent ; -
if (ev != NULL) ev->unpark() ; -
}
通过上面的代码分析可以知道,thread.interrupt()方法实际就是设置一个interrupted状态标识为true、并且通过ParkEvent的unpark方法来唤醒线程。
-
对于synchronized阻塞的线程,被唤醒以后会继续尝试获取锁,如果失败仍然可能被park
-
在调用ParkEvent的park方法之前,会先判断线程的中断状态,如果为true,会清除当前线程的中断标识
-
Object.wait、Thread.sleep、Thread.join会抛出InterruptedException
这里给大家普及一个知识点,为什么Object.wait、Thread.sleep和Thread.join都会抛出InterruptedException?首先,这个异常的意思是表示一个阻塞被其他线程中断了。然后,由于线程调用了interrupt()中断方法,那么Object.wait、Thread.sleep等被阻塞的线程被唤醒以后会通过is_interrupted方法判断中断标识的状态变化,如果发现中断标识为true,则先清除中断标识,然后抛出InterruptedException
需要注意的是,InterruptedException异常的抛出并不意味着线程必须终止,而是提醒当前线程有中断的操作发生,至于接下来怎么处理取决于线程本身,比如
-
直接捕获异常不做任何处理
-
将异常往外抛出
-
停止当前线程,并打印异常信息
为了让大家能够更好的理解上面这段话,我们以Thread.sleep为例直接从jdk的源码中找到中断标识的清除以及异常抛出的方法代码
找到
is_interrupted()方法,linux平台中的实现在os_linux.cpp文件中,代码如下
-
bool os::is_interrupted(Thread* thread, bool clear_interrupted) { -
assert(Thread::current() == thread || Threads_lock->owned_by_self(), -
"possibility of dangling Thread pointer"); -
OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread(); -
bool interrupted = osthread->interrupted(); //获取线程的中断标识 -
if (interrupted && clear_interrupted) {//如果中断标识为true -
osthread->set_interrupted(false);//设置中断标识为false -
// consider thread->_SleepEvent->reset() ... optional optimization -
} -
return interrupted; -
}
找到Thread.sleep这个操作在jdk中的源码体现,怎么找?相信如果前面大家有认真看的话,应该能很快找到,代码在jvm.cpp文件中
-
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_Sleep(JNIEnv* env, jclass threadClass, jlong millis)) -
JVMWrapper("JVM_Sleep"); -
if (millis < 0) { -
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_IllegalArgumentException(), "timeout value is negative"); -
} -
//判断并清除线程中断状态,如果中断状态为true,抛出中断异常 -
if (Thread::is_interrupted (THREAD, true) && !HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) { -
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_InterruptedException(), "sleep interrupted"); -
} -
// Save current thread state and restore it at the end of this block. -
// And set new thread state to SLEEPING. -
JavaThreadSleepState jtss(thread); -
...
注意上面加了中文注释的地方的代码,先判断is_interrupted的状态,然后抛出一个InterruptedException异常。到此为止,我们就已经分析清楚了中断的整个流程。
Java线程的中断标识判断
了解了thread.interrupt方法的作用以后,再回过头来看Java中 Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()这段代码,就很好理解了。由于前者先设置了一个中断标识为true,所以 isInterrupted()这个方法的返回值为true,故而不满足while循环的判断条件导致退出循环。 这里有必要再提一句,就是这个线程中断标识有两种方式复位,第一种是前面提到过的InterruptedException;另一种是通过Thread.interrupted()对当前线程的中断标识进行复位。
转载于:https://my.oschina.net/u/862741/blog/2967265