ASP.Net Core Web及API身份认证的解决方案

一、Asp.Net Core Web项目的登录认证

    在MVC Web项目中，做用户登录授权，是必不可少的工作，不知道大家平时是怎么做的，我想，大多朋友还是使用微软提供的一套认证机制，可以省去很多功夫。从WebForm时代的Form身份认证，无非是通过客户端Cookie中存储认证票据，在请求受保护的资源时，通过Cookie中携带的身份票据，再有Asp.net的认证模块，完整对请求者的身份认证。这一过程，是很清晰简单的了。在MVC中，大多是通过中间件（MiddleWare）来完整认证授权过程。在ASP.NETMVC中，我们了解到基于声明的授权认证（Claim），这种认证方式，好处在于，我们想在用户授权时，存储多个属性信息，只需要添加多个声明即可，我们在微软的认证中间件中，看到的都是定义好的常量，当然，我们可以定义自己的ClaimTypes。然我们看看微软在.NetCore中定义的一些声明吧：

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//        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2009/09/identity/claims/actor.        public const string Actor = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2009/09/identity/claims/actor";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the postal code of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/postalcode.        public const string PostalCode = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/postalcode";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the primary group SID of an entity, http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/primarygroupsid.        public const string PrimaryGroupSid = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/primarygroupsid";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the primary SID of an entity, http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/primarysid.        public const string PrimarySid = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/primarysid";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the role of an entity, http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role.        public const string Role = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies an RSA key, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/rsa.        public const string Rsa = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/rsa";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies a serial number, http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/serialnumber.        public const string SerialNumber = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/serialnumber";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies a security identifier (SID), http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/sid.        public const string Sid = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/sid";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies a service principal name (SPN) claim, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/spn.        public const string Spn = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/spn";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the state or province in which an entity resides,        //     http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/stateorprovince.        public const string StateOrProvince = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/stateorprovince";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the street address of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/streetaddress.        public const string StreetAddress = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/streetaddress";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the surname of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/surname.        public const string Surname = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/surname";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that identifies the system entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/system.        public const string System = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/system";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies a thumbprint, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/thumbprint.        //     A thumbprint is a globally unique SHA-1 hash of an X.509 certificate.        public const string Thumbprint = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/thumbprint";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies a user principal name (UPN), http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/upn.        public const string Upn = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/upn";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies a URI, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/uri.        public const string Uri = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/uri";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/userdata.        public const string UserData = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/userdata";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/version.        public const string Version = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/version";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the webpage of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/webpage.        public const string Webpage = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/webpage";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the Windows domain account name of an entity,        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsaccountname.        public const string WindowsAccountName = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsaccountname";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsdeviceclaim.        public const string WindowsDeviceClaim = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsdeviceclaim";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsdevicegroup.        public const string WindowsDeviceGroup = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsdevicegroup";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsfqbnversion.        public const string WindowsFqbnVersion = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsfqbnversion";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowssubauthority.        public const string WindowsSubAuthority = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowssubauthority";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the alternative phone number of an entity,        //     http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/otherphone.        public const string OtherPhone = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/otherphone";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the name of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/nameidentifier.        public const string NameIdentifier = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/nameidentifier";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the name of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name.        public const string Name = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the mobile phone number of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/mobilephone.        public const string MobilePhone = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/mobilephone";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the anonymous user; http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/anonymous.        public const string Anonymous = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/anonymous";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies details about whether an identity is authenticated,        //     http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/authenticated.        public const string Authentication = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/authentication";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the instant at which an entity was authenticated;        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/authenticationinstant.        public const string AuthenticationInstant = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/authenticationinstant";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the method with which an entity was authenticated;        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/authenticationmethod.        public const string AuthenticationMethod = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/authenticationmethod";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies an authorization decision on an entity; http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/authorizationdecision.        public const string AuthorizationDecision = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/authorizationdecision";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the cookie path; http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/cookiepath.        public const string CookiePath = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/cookiepath";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the country/region in which an entity resides,        //     http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/country.        public const string Country = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/country";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the date of birth of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/dateofbirth.        public const string DateOfBirth = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/dateofbirth";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the deny-only primary group SID on an entity;        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/denyonlyprimarygroupsid.        //     A deny-only SID denies the specified entity to a securable object.        public const string DenyOnlyPrimaryGroupSid = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/denyonlyprimarygroupsid";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the deny-only primary SID on an entity; http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/denyonlyprimarysid.        //     A deny-only SID denies the specified entity to a securable object.        public const string DenyOnlyPrimarySid = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/denyonlyprimarysid";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies a deny-only security identifier (SID) for        //     an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/denyonlysid.        //     A deny-only SID denies the specified entity to a securable object.        public const string DenyOnlySid = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/denyonlysid";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsuserclaim.        public const string WindowsUserClaim = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsuserclaim";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/denyonlywindowsdevicegroup.        public const string DenyOnlyWindowsDeviceGroup = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/denyonlywindowsdevicegroup";        //        // Summary:        //     http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/dsa.        public const string Dsa = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/dsa";        //        // Summary:        //     The URI for a claim that specifies the email address of an entity, http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/email.        public const string Email = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress";

　   那么我们在Asp.Net Core项目中的认证，也是比较简单的。也是通过HttpContext的扩展方法SignInAsync，来传入声明的身份信息。要使用的微软的认证组件，我们在.Net Core Web项目中，做如下改动：

首先，在Start.cs类中，添加服务，具体代码如下：

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/// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="services"></param> public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) {     services.AddAuthentication(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)     .AddCookie(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, o =>     {         o.Cookie.Name = "_AdminTicketCookie";         o.LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login");         o.LogoutPath = new PathString("/Account/Login");         o.AccessDeniedPath = new PathString("/Error/Forbidden");     });     services.AddTransient<TiKu.Application.Interfaces.IAdminService, TiKu.Application.AdminService>();     services.AddMvc(); }

　　  其次，添加认证中间件

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/// <summary> /// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline. /// </summary> /// <param name="app"></param> /// <param name="env"></param> public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory) {       if (env.IsDevelopment())     {         app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();     }     else     {         app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error");     }     app.UseStaticFiles();     app.UseAuthentication();//添加认证中间件     app.UseMvc(routes =>     {         routes.MapRoute(             name: "default",             template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");     });       }

　　最后，在用户登录的地方，登录成功后，调用HttpContext的SignIn方法，将授权信息写入Cookie，示例代码如下：

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/// <summary> /// <![CDATA[登陆]]> /// </summary> /// <param name="model"></param> /// <returns></returns> [HttpPost] [ValidateAntiForgeryToken] public async Task<ActionResult> Login(Models.LoginViewModel model) {     try     {         //模型验证通过后         if (ModelState.IsValid)         {             model.password = TiKu.Common.Security.MD5.Md5(model.password);//MD5加密             TiKu.Domain.Entity.tb_Admin admin = await _AdminService.CheckAccountAndPassword(account: model.account, password: model.password);             //验证用户名密码             if (admin != null)             {                 var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);//一定要声明AuthenticationScheme                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, admin.Account));                 identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, admin.Id.ToString()));                   await HttpContext.SignInAsync(identity.AuthenticationType,                                               new ClaimsPrincipal(identity),                                               new AuthenticationProperties                                               {                                                   IsPersistent = model.isPersistent,                                                   RedirectUri = "/Home/Index",                                                   ExpiresUtc = new System.DateTimeOffset(dateTime: DateTime.Now.AddHours(6)),                                               });                 //更新登陆时间                 await _AdminService.UpdateLastLoginTime(id: admin.Id);             }             else             {                 await HttpContext.ChallengeAsync(CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);                 ModelState.AddModelError("", "用户名或密码错误！");             }         }     }     catch (Exception ex)     {         ModelState.AddModelError("", "用户名或密码错误！");         _Logger.Error("用户登录时发生错误！", ex);     }     return View(model); }

　　这样就完成了Asp.net core web项目的登录认证工作。

二、Asp.Net Core WebApi基于JWT的认证授权

      关于JWT的工作原理，大家可以自行了解（https://jwt.io/）。JWT实现了服务端无状态，在分布式服务，会话一致性，单点登录等方面，凸显优势，不占用服务端资源。使用JWT需要注意的是，令牌过期后刷新，以及更改密码后令牌未过期的处理问题。

这里，我以JWT作为.net core webapi项目的认证方式。

首先，我再Api项目中新建了一个名为OAuthController的控制器，定义一个Action名为Token的方法，用来让客户端获取令牌之用，具体代码如下：

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/// <summary> /// <![CDATA[获取访问令牌]]> /// </summary> /// <param name="user"></param> /// <param name="password"></param> /// <returns></returns> [HttpPost] public async Task<TiKu.Domain.ValueObject.RestfulData<TiKu.Domain.ValueObject.AccessTokenObj>> Token(string user, string password) {     var result = new TiKu.Domain.ValueObject.RestfulData<TiKu.Domain.ValueObject.AccessTokenObj>();     try     {         if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(user)) throw new ArgumentNullException("user", "用户名不能为空！");         if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(password)) throw new ArgumentNullException("password", "密码不能为空！");           //验证用户名和密码         var userInfo = await _UserService.CheckUserAndPassword(mobile: user, password: password);         var claims = new Claim[]         {             new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name,user),             new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier,userInfo.Id.ToString()),         };           var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Configuration["JwtSecurityKey"]));         var expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(28);//         var token = new JwtSecurityToken(                     issuer: Configuration["issuer"],                     audience: Configuration["audience"],                     claims: claims,                     notBefore: DateTime.Now,                     expires: expires,                     signingCredentials: new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256));           //生成Token         string jwtToken = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token);         result.code = 1;         result.data = new Domain.ValueObject.AccessTokenObj() { AccessToken = jwtToken, Expires = TiKu.Common.Utility.Util.ToUnixTime(expires) };         result.message = "授权成功！";         return result;     }     catch (Exception ex)     {         result.message = ex.Message;         result.code = 0;         logger.Error("获取访问令牌时发生错误！", ex);         return result;     } }

　　这里，我定义了一个统一返回数据格式的模型-RestfulData,其中有不返回数据data的RestfulData和带data数据的RestfulData<T>，以及返回集合类型的RestfulArray<T>，具体代码如下：

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/// <summary>   ///   /// </summary>   public class RestfulData   {       /// <summary>       /// <![CDATA[错误码]]>       /// </summary>       public int code { get; set; }         /// <summary>       ///<![CDATA[消息]]>       /// </summary>       public string message { get; set; }         /// <summary>       /// <![CDATA[相关的链接帮助地址]]>       /// </summary>       public string url { get; set; }     }     /// <summary>   ///   /// </summary>   /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>   public class RestfulData<T> : RestfulData   {       /// <summary>       /// <![CDATA[数据]]>       /// </summary>       public virtual T data { get; set; }   }     /// <summary>   /// <![CDATA[返回数组]]>   /// </summary>   /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>   public class RestfulArray<T> : ResultData<IEnumerable<T>>   {     }

　　

配置JWT认证服务，在Start.cs启动类中，配置如下：

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/// <summary>         ///         /// </summary>         /// <param name="services"></param>         public IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)         {             services.AddSingleton<IConfiguration>(Configuration);             services.AddMemoryCache();//添加基于内存的缓存支持             services.AddAutofac();               //配置授权             services.AddAuthentication(options =>             {                 options.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = "JwtBearer";                 options.DefaultChallengeScheme = "JwtBearer";               }).AddJwtBearer("JwtBearer",             (jwtBearerOptions) =>             {                 jwtBearerOptions.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters                 {                     ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,                     IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Configuration["JwtSecurityKey"])),//秘钥                     ValidateIssuer = true,                     ValidIssuer = Configuration["issuer"],                     ValidateAudience = true,                     ValidAudience = Configuration["audience"],                     ValidateLifetime = true,                     ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5)                 };             });               services.AddMvc();               //IOC Autofac             var builder = new ContainerBuilder();             builder.Populate(services);               //注册应用服务             var assemblyApplicationService = System.Reflection.Assembly.Load("TiKu.Application");             builder.RegisterAssemblyTypes(assemblyApplicationService).AsImplementedInterfaces();               var container = builder.Build();             Container = container;               return new AutofacServiceProvider(container);         }

　　上面使用了IOC容器Autofac。

其次，配置认证中间件:

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/// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="app"></param> /// <param name="env"></param> public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) {     if (env.IsDevelopment())     {         app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();     }     app.UseAuthentication();//配置授权     //处理异常     app.UseStatusCodePages(new StatusCodePagesOptions()     {         HandleAsync = (context) =>         {             if (context.HttpContext.Response.StatusCode == 401)             {                 using (System.IO.StreamWriter sw = new System.IO.StreamWriter(context.HttpContext.Response.Body))                 {                     sw.Write(Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new                     {                         status = 401,                         message = "access denied!",                     }));                 }             }             return System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Delay(0);         }     });     app.UseMvc(routes =>     {         routes.MapRoute(name: "default", template: "api/{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");         routes.MapRoute(name: "mvc", template: "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");     }); }

为了测试，我们给ValuesController控制器添加Authorize特性。

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/// <summary>  ///  /// </summary>  [Authorize]  [Route("api/[controller]")]  public class ValuesController : Controller  {        // GET api/values      [HttpGet]      public IEnumerable<string> Get()      {          return new string[] { "value1", "value2" };      } }<em id="__mceDel" style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px">　</em>

最后，让我们测试下API的授权，这里，我以Ajax模拟API的调用：

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script type="text/javascript">     //获取令牌     $.post("/oauth/token", $.param({ user: "lichaoqiang", password: "fdsfds" })).done(function (data) {           if (data.code === 1) {             localStorage.setItem("token", data.data.accessToken);         }     });       //设置HTTP头     $.ajaxSetup({         beforeSend: function (xhr) {             if (localStorage.getItem("token") !== null) {                 xhr.setRequestHeader('Authorization', 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem("token"));             }         }     });       $.getJSON("/api/values", function (data) { console.log(data); });//获取受保护的资源 </script>

　　看下效果，直接访问/api/values，会出现如下图：

    当客户请求受保护的资源时，通过HTTP header携带上token。这里需要注意的是，请求头必须是Authorization，值是Bearer空格加上token。这样访问资源时，通过HTTP header携带令牌信息，服务端，通过认证中间件，完成授权认证过程。在上面的示例中，通过向全局Ajax注册事件，将token写入请求Header。、

至此，就完成了JWT认证授权的过程，.Net Core WebAPI配置起来也很简单。

转自：https://www.cnblogs.com/ibeisha/p/jwt-webapi.html