gnu 项目
GNU or GNU is Not Unix is a project started by Richard Stallman in order to create free software in order to respect the user’s freedom. GNU Project provides different free software tools for computing. GNU mainly aims to create a free operating system and related tools but currently, Linux kernel is used for the operating system and most of the other tools are created by the GNU project.
GNU或GNU is Not Unix是Richard Stallman发起的一个项目，目的是创建自由软件以尊重用户的自由。 GNU Project提供了各种用于计算的免费软件工具。 GNU主要旨在创建一个免费的操作系统和相关工具，但是目前，Linux内核用于该操作系统，而其他大多数工具都是由GNU项目创建的。
GNU项目历史 (GNU Project History)
GNU Project is initiated by Richard Stallman while working in MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. GNU Project is publicly announced on September 27, 1983, on the internet. Software development began on January 5, 1984, and Richard Stallman resigned from MIT in order to focus the GNU Project.
GNU项目是由Richard Stallman在麻省理工学院人工智能实验室工作时发起的。 GNU项目于1983年9月27日在互联网上公开宣布。 软件开发始于1984年1月5日，理查德·斯托曼(Richard Stallman)从MIT辞职，以专注于GNU项目。
The GNU Manifesto which explains the GNU Project philosophy published in March 1985 which provides a very different aspect to the computing. According to the GNU Manifesto the source code of the software should be free to study, can be shared, modification can be done and published freely.
GNU宣言解释了1985年3月发布的GNU Project哲学，它为计算提供了一个非常不同的方面。 根据GNU宣言，该软件的源代码应免费学习，可以共享，可以自由修改和发布。
Free Software Foundation was founded in 1985, initially to raise funds to help and develop GNU Project.
自由软件基金会成立于1985年，最初是为了筹集资金来帮助和开发GNU Project。
1991 Linux kernel project started which provides operating system kernel which do not complete for the GNU project. GNU project a lot of different tools to boost Linux kernel project.
1991年Linux内核项目启动，该项目提供了GNU项目尚未完成的操作系统内核。 GNU项目有很多不同的工具来提升Linux内核项目。
免费软件 (Free Software)
As the GNU Project aims to create an ecosystem with completely free software the following attributes should be met a software in order to be free. There is 4 basic principal for free software like below.
由于GNU项目旨在通过完全免费的软件来创建生态系统，因此，为了实现免费，软件应满足以下属性。 如下所示，免费软件有4个基本原理。
- The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0). 出于任何目的自由运行程序的自由(自由0)。
- The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. 自由学习程序的工作原理并进行更改，以便您可以根据自己的意愿进行计算(自由1)。 前提条件是访问源代码。
- The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2). 重新分发副本的自由，以便您可以帮助他人(自由2)。
- The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this. 将修改版本的副本分发给他人的自由(自由3)。 通过这样做，您可以使整个社区都有机会从您的更改中受益。 前提条件是访问源代码。
自由软件基金会 (Free Software Foundation)
Free Software Foundation or FSF is related with the GNU Project where FSF provides infrastructure and funding for the GNU project. FSF acts as foundation for the GNU Project and works according to the GNU Manifesto. FSF also create campaign create educational materials about free software and fight against threats against computer user rights. FSF also operates a Licensing & Compliance Lab to defend freely licensed software.
Free Software Foundation ( FSF )与GNU项目相关，其中FSF为GNU项目提供基础设施和资金。 FSF是GNU项目的基础，并根据GNU宣言进行工作。 FSF还开展活动，创建有关免费软件的教育资料，并与威胁计算机用户权利的行为作斗争。 FSF还运营一个“许可与合规性实验室”来捍卫自由许可的软件。
GNU Linux和GNU操作系统 (GNU Linux and GNU Operating System)
Another popular topic about the GNU project is the GNU Linux and GNU Operating System. GNU operating system named as The Hurd is not complete which was started in 1990. In 1991 the Linux kernel development started by Linux Torvalds as a pet project. The development model and licensing made the Linux kernel development very popular which became mainstream. But the Hurd project not grown as expected and even today after 30 years it is under active development but there is no stable version.
关于GNU项目的另一个热门主题是GNU Linux和GNU操作系统。 1990年启动的名为The Hurd GNU操作系统尚未完成。1991年，Linux Torvalds作为一个宠物项目开始了Linux内核开发。 开发模型和许可使Linux内核开发非常流行，并成为主流。 但是，赫德(Hurd)项目并未达到预期的增长，即使在30年后的今天，它仍在积极开发中，但没有稳定的版本。
The Linux kernel version number is 5.X where GNU Hurd is currently versioned as 0.9. So the open-source world uses the Linux kernel and calls it Linux. But Richard Stallman thinks a bit different and express the Linux project as GNU/Linux where different GNU Project tools like GCC, g++, gdb, make, diff, bash is used to developing and use Linux operating system and related distributions like Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, RHEL, SUSE, Fedora, Kali, etc.
Linux内核版本号为5.X，其中GNU Hurd当前版本为0.9。 因此，开源世界使用Linux内核并将其称为Linux。 但是Richard Stallman认为有所不同，将Linux项目表示为GNU / Linux，其中使用了GCC，g ++，gdb，make，diff，bash等不同的GNU Project工具来开发和使用Linux操作系统以及相关的发行版，例如Debian，Ubuntu， CentOS，RHEL，SUSE，Fedora，Kali等
流行的GNU项目和工具(Popular GNU Projects and Tools)
Even GNU Project failed to provide a complete operating system or kernel it provides a lot of useful tools for development, debugging, system management, and commands. Here we will list some of the popular of the GNU Tools.
即使GNU Project未能提供完整的操作系统或内核，它也提供了许多用于开发，调试，系统管理和命令的有用工具。 在这里，我们将列出一些流行的GNU工具。
GCC or GNU Compiler Collection is a set of tools created for source code compilation. GCC provdes compiler for different programming languages like C, C++, Java etc. but the most complete and popular programming languages are C and C++. Today GCC is widely used to compile, binary, library and other related source into different formats and platforms like X86, x86_64, ARM, MIPS, Alpha etc.
GCC或GNU Compiler Collection是为源代码编译而创建的一组工具。 GCC为诸如C，C ++，Java等不同的编程语言提供了编译器，但是最完整和最受欢迎的编程语言是C和C ++。 如今，GCC已被广泛用于将X86，x86_64，ARM，MIPS，Alpha等格式，平台，二进制文件，库和其他相关源代码编译为不同的格式和平台。
Gdb is a software or binary debugging to find and inspect software bugs It is a companion tool for the GCC.
Gdb是用于查找和检查软件错误的软件或二进制调试程序，它是GCC的配套工具。
make is a another popular tool used to automate compilation of the software. Make scripts are used to automate compile operation and provided with the source code to start and run compile operation.
make是用于自动编译软件的另一种流行工具。 Make脚本用于自动执行编译操作，并随源代码一起提供以启动和运行编译操作。
bash is very popular shell which provides command line interface for the system administrators and users to used operating systems. Most of the Linux distributions use the bash as default shell.
bash是非常流行的shell，它为系统管理员和用户提供使用过的操作系统的命令行界面。 大多数Linux发行版都将bash用作默认外壳。
gnu 项目