如何使用 POSIX 在 C++ 中执行命令并获取命令的输出？

Question

我正在寻找一种在 C++ 程序中运行命令时获取其输出的方法。我看过使用system() 函数，但这只会执行一个命令。这是我正在寻找的示例：

std::string result = system("./some_command");

我需要运行任意命令并获取其输出。我查看了boost.org，但没有找到任何可以满足我需要的东西。

Answer 1

#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <array>

std::string exec(const char* cmd) {
    std::array<char, 128> buffer;
    std::string result;
    std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&pclose)> pipe(popen(cmd, "r"), pclose);
    if (!pipe) {
        throw std::runtime_error("popen() failed!");
    }
    while (fgets(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), pipe.get()) != nullptr) {
        result += buffer.data();
    }
    return result;
}

C++11 之前的版本：

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string>

std::string exec(const char* cmd) {
    char buffer[128];
    std::string result = "";
    FILE* pipe = popen(cmd, "r");
    if (!pipe) throw std::runtime_error("popen() failed!");
    try {
        while (fgets(buffer, sizeof buffer, pipe) != NULL) {
            result += buffer;
        }
    } catch (...) {
        pclose(pipe);
        throw;
    }
    pclose(pipe);
    return result;
}

在 Windows 上将 popen 和 pclose 替换为 _popen 和 _pclose。

Answer 2

使用我的pstreams 标头可以轻松获取stdout 和stderr（以及写入stdin，此处未显示），它定义了像popen 一样工作的iostream 类：

#include <pstream.h>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  // run a process and create a streambuf that reads its stdout and stderr
  redi::ipstream proc("./some_command", redi::pstreams::pstdout | redi::pstreams::pstderr);
  std::string line;
  // read child's stdout
  while (std::getline(proc.out(), line))
    std::cout << "stdout: " << line << '\n';
  # if reading stdout stopped at EOF then reset the state:
  if (proc.eof() && proc.fail())
    proc.clear();
  // read child's stderr
  while (std::getline(proc.err(), line))
    std::cout << "stderr: " << line << '\n';
} 

Answer 3

对于 Windows，popen 也可以使用，但它会打开一个控制台窗口 - 该窗口会快速闪过您的 UI 应用程序。如果您想成为专业人士，最好禁用此“闪烁”（特别是如果最终用户可以取消它）。

所以这是我自己的 Windows 版本：

（此代码部分重组自 The Code Project 和 MSDN 示例中编写的想法。）

#include <windows.h>
#include <atlstr.h>
//
// Execute a command and get the results. (Only standard output)
//
CStringA ExecCmd(
    const wchar_t* cmd              // [in] command to execute
)
{
    CStringA strResult;
    HANDLE hPipeRead, hPipeWrite;

    SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES saAttr = {sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES)};
    saAttr.bInheritHandle = TRUE; // Pipe handles are inherited by child process.
    saAttr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;

    // Create a pipe to get results from child's stdout.
    if (!CreatePipe(&hPipeRead, &hPipeWrite, &saAttr, 0))
        return strResult;

    STARTUPINFOW si = {sizeof(STARTUPINFOW)};
    si.dwFlags     = STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW | STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
    si.hStdOutput  = hPipeWrite;
    si.hStdError   = hPipeWrite;
    si.wShowWindow = SW_HIDE; // Prevents cmd window from flashing.
                              // Requires STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW in dwFlags.

    PROCESS_INFORMATION pi = { 0 };

    BOOL fSuccess = CreateProcessW(NULL, (LPWSTR)cmd, NULL, NULL, TRUE, CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi);
    if (! fSuccess)
    {
        CloseHandle(hPipeWrite);
        CloseHandle(hPipeRead);
        return strResult;
    }

    bool bProcessEnded = false;
    for (; !bProcessEnded ;)
    {
        // Give some timeslice (50 ms), so we won't waste 100% CPU.
        bProcessEnded = WaitForSingleObject( pi.hProcess, 50) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;

        // Even if process exited - we continue reading, if
        // there is some data available over pipe.
        for (;;)
        {
            char buf[1024];
            DWORD dwRead = 0;
            DWORD dwAvail = 0;

            if (!::PeekNamedPipe(hPipeRead, NULL, 0, NULL, &dwAvail, NULL))
                break;

            if (!dwAvail) // No data available, return
                break;

            if (!::ReadFile(hPipeRead, buf, min(sizeof(buf) - 1, dwAvail), &dwRead, NULL) || !dwRead)
                // Error, the child process might ended
                break;

            buf[dwRead] = 0;
            strResult += buf;
        }
    } //for

    CloseHandle(hPipeWrite);
    CloseHandle(hPipeRead);
    CloseHandle(pi.hProcess);
    CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
    return strResult;
} //ExecCmd

Answer 4

我会使用 popen() (++waqas)。

但有时你需要阅读和写作......

似乎没有人再用艰难的方式做事了。

（假设是 Unix/Linux/Mac 环境，或者可能是具有 POSIX 兼容层的 Windows...）

enum PIPE_FILE_DESCRIPTERS
{
  READ_FD  = 0,
  WRITE_FD = 1
};

enum CONSTANTS
{
  BUFFER_SIZE = 100
};

int
main()
{
  int       parentToChild[2];
  int       childToParent[2];
  pid_t     pid;
  string    dataReadFromChild;
  char      buffer[BUFFER_SIZE + 1];
  ssize_t   readResult;
  int       status;

  ASSERT_IS(0, pipe(parentToChild));
  ASSERT_IS(0, pipe(childToParent));

  switch (pid = fork())
  {
    case -1:
      FAIL("Fork failed");
      exit(-1);

    case 0: /* Child */
      ASSERT_NOT(-1, dup2(parentToChild[READ_FD], STDIN_FILENO));
      ASSERT_NOT(-1, dup2(childToParent[WRITE_FD], STDOUT_FILENO));
      ASSERT_NOT(-1, dup2(childToParent[WRITE_FD], STDERR_FILENO));
      ASSERT_IS(0, close(parentToChild [WRITE_FD]));
      ASSERT_IS(0, close(childToParent [READ_FD]));

      /*     file, arg0, arg1,  arg2 */
      execlp("ls", "ls", "-al", "--color");

      FAIL("This line should never be reached!!!");
      exit(-1);

    default: /* Parent */
      cout << "Child " << pid << " process running..." << endl;

      ASSERT_IS(0, close(parentToChild [READ_FD]));
      ASSERT_IS(0, close(childToParent [WRITE_FD]));

      while (true)
      {
        switch (readResult = read(childToParent[READ_FD],
                                  buffer, BUFFER_SIZE))
        {
          case 0: /* End-of-File, or non-blocking read. */
            cout << "End of file reached..."         << endl
                 << "Data received was ("
                 << dataReadFromChild.size() << "): " << endl
                 << dataReadFromChild                << endl;

            ASSERT_IS(pid, waitpid(pid, & status, 0));

            cout << endl
                 << "Child exit staus is:  " << WEXITSTATUS(status) << endl
                 << endl;

            exit(0);


          case -1:
            if ((errno == EINTR) || (errno == EAGAIN))
            {
              errno = 0;
              break;
            }
            else
            {
              FAIL("read() failed");
              exit(-1);
            }

          default:
            dataReadFromChild . append(buffer, readResult);
            break;
        }
      } /* while (true) */
  } /* switch (pid = fork())*/
}

---

您可能还想尝试使用 select() 和非阻塞读取。

fd_set          readfds;
struct timeval  timeout;

timeout.tv_sec  = 0;    /* Seconds */
timeout.tv_usec = 1000; /* Microseconds */

FD_ZERO(&readfds);
FD_SET(childToParent[READ_FD], &readfds);

switch (select (1 + childToParent[READ_FD], &readfds, (fd_set*)NULL, (fd_set*)NULL, & timeout))
{
  case 0: /* Timeout expired */
    break;

  case -1:
    if ((errno == EINTR) || (errno == EAGAIN))
    {
      errno = 0;
      break;
    }
    else
    {
      FAIL("Select() Failed");
      exit(-1);
    }

  case 1:  /* We have input */
    readResult = read(childToParent[READ_FD], buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
    // However you want to handle it...
    break;

  default:
    FAIL("How did we see input on more than one file descriptor?");
    exit(-1);
}

Answer 5

两种可能的方法：

1. 我不认为popen() 是 C++ 标准的一部分（它是内存中 POSIX 的一部分），但它在我使用过的每个 UNIX 上都可用（而且你似乎从你的命令是./some_command)。

2. 如果没有popen()，你可以使用system("./some_command >/tmp/some_command.out");，然后使用普通的I/O函数来处理输出文件。

Answer 6

以下可能是一个可移植的解决方案。它遵循标准。

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <sstream>

std::string ssystem (const char *command) {
    char tmpname [L_tmpnam];
    std::tmpnam ( tmpname );
    std::string scommand = command;
    std::string cmd = scommand + " >> " + tmpname;
    std::system(cmd.c_str());
    std::ifstream file(tmpname, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary );
    std::string result;
    if (file) {
        while (!file.eof()) result.push_back(file.get())
            ;
        file.close();
    }
    remove(tmpname);
    return result;
}

// For Cygwin

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    std::string bash = "FILETWO=/cygdrive/c/*\nfor f in $FILETWO\ndo\necho \"$f\"\ndone ";
    std::string in;
    std::string s = ssystem(bash.c_str());
    std::istringstream iss(s);
    std::string line;
    while (std::getline(iss, line))
    {
        std::cout << "LINE-> " + line + "  length: " << line.length() << std::endl;
    }
    std::cin >> in;
    return 0;
}

Answer 7

我无法弄清楚为什么Code::Blocks/MinGW 中缺少 popen/pclose。所以我改用 CreateProcess() 和 CreatePipe() 解决了这个问题。

这是对我有用的解决方案：

//C++11
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
#include <cstdint>
#include <deque>
#include <string>
#include <thread>

using namespace std;

int SystemCapture(
    string         CmdLine,    //Command Line
    string         CmdRunDir,  //set to '.' for current directory
    string&        ListStdOut, //Return List of StdOut
    string&        ListStdErr, //Return List of StdErr
    uint32_t&      RetCode)    //Return Exit Code
{
    int                  Success;
    SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES  security_attributes;
    HANDLE               stdout_rd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    HANDLE               stdout_wr = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    HANDLE               stderr_rd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    HANDLE               stderr_wr = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    PROCESS_INFORMATION  process_info;
    STARTUPINFO          startup_info;
    thread               stdout_thread;
    thread               stderr_thread;

    security_attributes.nLength              = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
    security_attributes.bInheritHandle       = TRUE;
    security_attributes.lpSecurityDescriptor = nullptr;

    if (!CreatePipe(&stdout_rd, &stdout_wr, &security_attributes, 0) ||
            !SetHandleInformation(stdout_rd, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (!CreatePipe(&stderr_rd, &stderr_wr, &security_attributes, 0) ||
            !SetHandleInformation(stderr_rd, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, 0)) {
        if (stdout_rd != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) CloseHandle(stdout_rd);
        if (stdout_wr != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) CloseHandle(stdout_wr);
        return -2;
    }

    ZeroMemory(&process_info, sizeof(PROCESS_INFORMATION));
    ZeroMemory(&startup_info, sizeof(STARTUPINFO));

    startup_info.cb         = sizeof(STARTUPINFO);
    startup_info.hStdInput  = 0;
    startup_info.hStdOutput = stdout_wr;
    startup_info.hStdError  = stderr_wr;

    if(stdout_rd || stderr_rd)
        startup_info.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;

    // Make a copy because CreateProcess needs to modify string buffer
    char      CmdLineStr[MAX_PATH];
    strncpy(CmdLineStr, CmdLine.c_str(), MAX_PATH);
    CmdLineStr[MAX_PATH-1] = 0;

    Success = CreateProcess(
        nullptr,
        CmdLineStr,
        nullptr,
        nullptr,
        TRUE,
        0,
        nullptr,
        CmdRunDir.c_str(),
        &startup_info,
        &process_info
    );
    CloseHandle(stdout_wr);
    CloseHandle(stderr_wr);

    if(!Success) {
        CloseHandle(process_info.hProcess);
        CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
        CloseHandle(stdout_rd);
        CloseHandle(stderr_rd);
        return -4;
    }
    else {
        CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
    }

    if(stdout_rd) {
        stdout_thread=thread([&]() {
            DWORD  n;
            const size_t bufsize = 1000;
            char         buffer [bufsize];
            for(;;) {
                n = 0;
                int Success = ReadFile(
                    stdout_rd,
                    buffer,
                    (DWORD)bufsize,
                    &n,
                    nullptr
                );
                printf("STDERR: Success:%d n:%d\n", Success, (int)n);
                if(!Success || n == 0)
                    break;
                string s(buffer, n);
                printf("STDOUT:(%s)\n", s.c_str());
                ListStdOut += s;
            }
            printf("STDOUT:BREAK!\n");
        });
    }

    if(stderr_rd) {
        stderr_thread=thread([&]() {
            DWORD        n;
            const size_t bufsize = 1000;
            char         buffer [bufsize];
            for(;;) {
                n = 0;
                int Success = ReadFile(
                    stderr_rd,
                    buffer,
                    (DWORD)bufsize,
                    &n,
                    nullptr
                );
                printf("STDERR: Success:%d n:%d\n", Success, (int)n);
                if(!Success || n == 0)
                    break;
                string s(buffer, n);
                printf("STDERR:(%s)\n", s.c_str());
                ListStdOut += s;
            }
            printf("STDERR:BREAK!\n");
        });
    }

    WaitForSingleObject(process_info.hProcess,    INFINITE);
    if(!GetExitCodeProcess(process_info.hProcess, (DWORD*) &RetCode))
        RetCode = -1;

    CloseHandle(process_info.hProcess);

    if(stdout_thread.joinable())
        stdout_thread.join();

    if(stderr_thread.joinable())
        stderr_thread.join();

    CloseHandle(stdout_rd);
    CloseHandle(stderr_rd);

    return 0;
}

int main()
{
    int            rc;
    uint32_t       RetCode;
    string         ListStdOut;
    string         ListStdErr;

    cout << "STARTING.\n";

    rc = SystemCapture(
        "C:\\Windows\\System32\\ipconfig.exe",    //Command Line
        ".",                                     //CmdRunDir
        ListStdOut,                              //Return List of StdOut
        ListStdErr,                              //Return List of StdErr
        RetCode                                  //Return Exit Code
    );
    if (rc < 0) {
        cout << "ERROR: SystemCapture\n";
    }

    cout << "STDOUT:\n";
    cout << ListStdOut;

    cout << "STDERR:\n";
    cout << ListStdErr;

    cout << "Finished.\n";

    cout << "Press Enter to Continue";
    cin.ignore();

    return 0;
}

Answer 8

注意，你可以通过将输出重定向到文件然后读取它来获得输出

它显示在std::system的文档中

您可以通过调用WEXITSTATUS 宏来接收退出代码。

    int status = std::system("ls -l >test.txt"); // execute the UNIX command "ls -l >test.txt"
    std::cout << std::ifstream("test.txt").rdbuf();
    std::cout << "Exit code: " << WEXITSTATUS(status) << std::endl;

Answer 9

假设 POSIX，捕获标准输出的简单代码：

#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

std::string qx(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
  int stdout_fds[2];
  pipe(stdout_fds);

  int stderr_fds[2];
  pipe(stderr_fds);

  const pid_t pid = fork();
  if (!pid) {
    close(stdout_fds[0]);
    dup2(stdout_fds[1], 1);
    close(stdout_fds[1]);

    close(stderr_fds[0]);
    dup2(stderr_fds[1], 2);
    close(stderr_fds[1]);

    std::vector<char*> vc(args.size() + 1, 0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
      vc[i] = const_cast<char*>(args[i].c_str());
    }

    execvp(vc[0], &vc[0]);
    exit(0);
  }

  close(stdout_fds[1]);

  std::string out;
  const int buf_size = 4096;
  char buffer[buf_size];
  do {
    const ssize_t r = read(stdout_fds[0], buffer, buf_size);
    if (r > 0) {
      out.append(buffer, r);
    }
  } while (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR);

  close(stdout_fds[0]);

  close(stderr_fds[1]);
  close(stderr_fds[0]);

  int r, status;
  do {
    r = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
  } while (r == -1 && errno == EINTR);

  return out;
}

欢迎贡献代码以获得更多功能：

https://github.com/ericcurtin/execxx

Answer 10

您可以在使用管道运行脚本后获得输出。当我们想要子进程的输出时，我们使用管道。

int my_func() {
    char ch;
    FILE *fpipe;
    FILE *copy_fp;
    FILE *tmp;
    char *command = (char *)"/usr/bin/my_script my_arg";
    copy_fp = fopen("/tmp/output_file_path", "w");
    fpipe = (FILE *)popen(command, "r");
    if (fpipe) {
        while ((ch = fgetc(fpipe)) != EOF) {
            fputc(ch, copy_fp);
        }
    }
    else {
        if (copy_fp) {
            fprintf(copy_fp, "Sorry there was an error opening the file");
        }
    }
    pclose(fpipe);
    fclose(copy_fp);
    return 0;
}

这是您要运行的脚本。将它与脚本采用的参数一起放入命令变量中（如果没有参数，则什么都没有）。以及要捕获脚本输出的文件，放在copy_fp中。

因此 popen 运行您的脚本并将输出放入 fpipe，然后您可以将其中的所有内容复制到您的输出文件中。

通过这种方式，您可以捕获子进程的输出。

另一个过程是您可以直接将> 运算符放在命令中。因此，如果我们在运行命令时将所有内容都放在一个文件中，您就不必复制任何内容。

在这种情况下，不需要使用管道。您可以只使用system，它会运行命令并将输出放入该文件中。

int my_func(){
    char *command = (char *)"/usr/bin/my_script my_arg > /tmp/my_putput_file";
    system(command);
    printf("everything saved in my_output_file");
    return 0;
}

您可以阅读YoLinux Tutorial: Fork, Exec and Process control了解更多信息。

Answer 11

waqas的C++流实现@的回答：

#include <istream>
#include <streambuf>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>

class execbuf : public std::streambuf {
    protected:
        std::string output;
        int_type underflow(int_type character) {
            if (gptr() < egptr()) return traits_type::to_int_type(*gptr());
            return traits_type::eof();
        }
    public:
        execbuf(const char* command) {
            std::array<char, 128> buffer;
            std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&pclose)> pipe(popen(command, "r"), pclose);
            if (!pipe) {
                throw std::runtime_error("popen() failed!");
            }
            while (fgets(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), pipe.get()) != nullptr) {
                this->output += buffer.data();
            }
            setg((char*)this->output.data(), (char*)this->output.data(), (char*)(this->output.data() + this->output.size()));
        }
};

class exec : public std::istream {
    protected:
        execbuf buffer;
    public:
        exec(char* command) : std::istream(nullptr), buffer(command, fd) {
            this->rdbuf(&buffer);
        }
};

此代码通过 stdout 捕获所有输出。如果您只想捕获 stderr，请像这样传递您的命令：

sh -c '<your-command>' 2>&1 > /dev/null

如果你想同时捕获stdout 和stderr，那么命令应该是这样的：

sh -c '<your-command>' 2>&1

Answer 12

Command 类使用 system("cmd > stdout 2> stderr") 为用户提供标准输出和标准错误，以及退出代码。

试运行：

./a.out 'ls .'
exit code: 0
stdout: HelloWorld
HelloWorld.c
HelloWorld.cpp
HelloWorld.dSYM
a.out
gcc_container.bash
linuxsys
macsys
test.sh

stderr: 

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <unistd.h>
using namespace std;

class Command {
    public:
        Command() {
            exit_code_ = -1;
        }

        int GetExitCode() { return exit_code_;}

        string GetStdOutStr() {return stdout_str_;}

        string GetStdErrStr() {return stderr_str_;}

        int Run(const char* cmd) {
            return Run(string(cmd));
        }

        /**
         * @brief run a given command
         * 
         * @param cmd: command string
         * @return int: the exit code of running the command
         */
        int Run(string cmd) {

            // create temp files
            char tmp_dir[] = "/tmp/stdir.XXXXXX";
            mkdtemp(tmp_dir);
            string stdout_file = string(tmp_dir) + "/stdout";
            string stderr_file = string(tmp_dir) + "/stderr";

            // execute the command "cmd > stdout_file 2> stderr_file"
            string cli = cmd + " > " + stdout_file + " 2> " + stderr_file;
            exit_code_ = system(cli.c_str());
            exit_code_ = WEXITSTATUS(exit_code_);
            stdout_str_ = File2Str(stdout_file);
            stderr_str_ = File2Str(stderr_file);

            // rid of the temp files
            remove(stdout_file.c_str());
            remove(stderr_file.c_str());
            remove(tmp_dir);

            return exit_code_;
        }

    private:
        int exit_code_;
        string stderr_str_;
        string stdout_str_;

        /**
         * @brief read a file
         * 
         * @param file_name: file path 
         * @return string the contents of the file.
         */
        string File2Str(string file_name) {
            ifstream file;
            stringstream str_stream;

            file.open(file_name);
            if (file.is_open()) {
                str_stream << file.rdbuf();
                file.close();
            }
            return str_stream.str();
        }
};

int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
    Command command;

    command.Run(argv[1]);
    cout << "exit code: " << command.GetExitCode() << endl;
    cout << "stdout: " << command.GetStdOutStr() << endl;
    cout << "stderr: " << command.GetStdErrStr() << endl;
    return  command.GetExitCode();
}