python 3.6.10 pip3 TLS/SSL 未配置

Question

我是 Python 的初学者，并且正在发生一些问题。这是安装python 3.6.10的脚本：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev
apt-get install -y libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev
apt-get install -y libgdal-dev
apt-get install -y tor
apt-get install -y unzip
apt-get install -y s3cmd
apt-get install -y libfreetype6-dev
apt-get install -y pkg-config
apt-get install -y qt5-default
apt-get install -y libqt5webkit5-dev
apt-get install -y texinfo
apt-get install -qy firefox xvfb
apt-get install -y tree
apt-get install -y htop
apt-get install -y chromium-browser

sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall 
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev

cd /opt
sudo wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.10/Python-3.6.10.tgz

sudo tar -xvf Python-3.6.10.tgz

cd Python-3.6.10
sudo ./configure --with-ssl


sudo make
sudo make install


sudo apt-get install -y build-essential python-pip python3-pip git
sudo -H pip install --upgrade pip
sudo -H pip3 install --upgrade pip

安装似乎工作正常，但 pip3 除外。出现错误，我没有找到解决方法。

pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available.
Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)': /simple/pip/
Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)': /simple/pip/
Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)': /simple/pip/
Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)': /simple/pip/
Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)': /simple/pip/
Could not fetch URL https://pypi.org/simple/pip/: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /simple/pip/ (Caused by SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)) - skipping
Requirement already up-to-date: pip in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages (18.1)
pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available.
Could not fetch URL https://pypi.org/simple/pip/: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /simple/pip/ (Caused by SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)) - skipping

我该如何解决？为什么会这样？

Answer 1

首先：您的 Python 版本应该允许您使用 python3 -m pip 作为您的 pip 命令。 -m 标志是 good practice anyway，因为它将确保您将使用的 pip 与正确的 Python 解释器相关联。所以，python-pip python3-pip 安装应该是不必要的。*

其次：关于 SSL 选项，您可能需要python-openssl。具有讽刺意味的是，当我尝试在 packages.ubuntu.com 上搜索此内容时，我遇到了服务器端错误，但它显示在 this up to date example 和 libssl-dev 旁边。

Here 是一个展示以上两点的 Dockerfile：

docker image build -f Dockerfile.60814903 -t so60814903:1 .
docker container run -it --rm so60814903:1

在该 shell 中，您应该看到有 python3 -m pip 可用。

最后一个提示，考虑一个可以帮助您同时管理多个 Python 版本的解决方案。 pyenv 就是这样一种工具，而且还有其他工具。

---

_{具体来说，./configure 默认使用--with-ensurepip='upgrade'。 Here 是使用 --with-ensurepip=no 并单独安装 pip 的安装示例。}