【发布时间】:2020-12-01 06:44:04
【问题描述】:
我正在学习和玩 SIMD 函数并编写了一个简单的程序,将它可以在 1 秒 内运行的向量加法指令的数量与普通标量加法进行比较。 我发现 SIMD 在较低优化级别的性能相对较好,而在较高的优化级别始终较差,我想知道原因我同时使用了 MSVC 和 gcc,这是同一个故事。以下结果来自 Ryzen 7 CPU。我还在 Intel 平台上进行了测试,情况也差不多。
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <chrono>
#include <iterator>
#include <thread>
#include <atomic>
#include <vector>
#include <immintrin.h>
int main()
{
const auto threadLimit = std::thread::hardware_concurrency() - 1; //for running main()
for (auto i = 1; i <= threadLimit; ++i)
{
std::cerr << "Testing " << i << " threads: ";
std::atomic<unsigned long long> sumScalar {};
std::atomic<unsigned long long> loopScalar {};
std::atomic<unsigned long long> sumSimd {};
std::atomic<unsigned long long> loopSimd {};
std::atomic_bool stopFlag{ false };
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
threads.reserve(i);
{
for (auto j = 0; j < i; ++j)
threads.emplace_back([&]
{
uint32_t local{};
uint32_t loop{};
while (!stopFlag)
{
++local;
++loop; //removed this(see EDIT)
}
sumScalar += local;
loopScalar += loop;
});
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds{ 1 });
stopFlag = true;
for (auto& thread : threads)
thread.join();
}
threads.clear();
stopFlag = false;
{
for (auto j = 0; j < i; ++j)
threads.emplace_back([&]
{
const auto oneVec = _mm256_set1_epi32(1);
auto local = _mm256_set1_epi32(0);
uint32_t inc{};
while (!stopFlag)
{
local = _mm256_add_epi32(oneVec, local);
++inc; //removed this(see EDIT)
}
sumSimd += std::accumulate(reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(&local), reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(&local) + 8, uint64_t{});
loopSimd += inc;
});
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds{ 1 });
stopFlag = true;
for (auto& thread : threads)
thread.join();
}
std::cout << "Sum: "<<sumSimd <<" / "<<sumScalar <<"("<<100.0*sumSimd/sumScalar<<"%)\t"<<"Loop: "<<loopSimd<<" / "<<loopScalar<<"("<< 100.0*loopSimd/loopScalar<<"%)\n";
// SIMD/Scalar, higher value means SIMD better
}
}
有了g++ -O0 -march=native -lpthread,我得到了:
Testing 1 threads: Sum: 1004405568 / 174344207(576.105%) Loop: 125550696 / 174344207(72.0131%)
Testing 2 threads: Sum: 2001473960 / 348079929(575.004%) Loop: 250184245 / 348079929(71.8755%)
Testing 3 threads: Sum: 2991335152 / 521830834(573.238%) Loop: 373916894 / 521830834(71.6548%)
Testing 4 threads: Sum: 3892119680 / 693704725(561.063%) Loop: 486514960 / 693704725(70.1329%)
Testing 5 threads: Sum: 4957263080 / 802362140(617.834%) Loop: 619657885 / 802362140(77.2292%)
Testing 6 threads: Sum: 5417700112 / 953587414(568.139%) Loop: 677212514 / 953587414(71.0174%)
Testing 7 threads: Sum: 6078496824 / 1067533241(569.396%) Loop: 759812103 / 1067533241(71.1746%)
Testing 8 threads: Sum: 6679841000 / 1196224828(558.41%) Loop: 834980125 / 1196224828(69.8013%)
Testing 9 threads: Sum: 7396623960 / 1308004474(565.489%) Loop: 924577995 / 1308004474(70.6861%)
Testing 10 threads: Sum: 8158849904 / 1416026963(576.179%) Loop: 1019856238 / 1416026963(72.0224%)
Testing 11 threads: Sum: 8868695984 / 1556964234(569.615%) Loop: 1108586998 / 1556964234(71.2018%)
Testing 12 threads: Sum: 9441092968 / 1655554694(570.268%) Loop: 1180136621 / 1655554694(71.2835%)
Testing 13 threads: Sum: 9530295080 / 1689916907(563.951%) Loop: 1191286885 / 1689916907(70.4938%)
Testing 14 threads: Sum: 10444142536 / 1805583762(578.436%) Loop: 1305517817 / 1805583762(72.3045%)
Testing 15 threads: Sum: 10834255144 / 1926575218(562.358%) Loop: 1354281893 / 1926575218(70.2948%)
有了g++ -O3 -march=native -lpthread,我得到了:
Testing 1 threads: Sum: 2933270968 / 3112671000(94.2365%) Loop: 366658871 / 3112671000(11.7796%)
Testing 2 threads: Sum: 5839842040 / 6177278029(94.5375%) Loop: 729980255 / 6177278029(11.8172%)
Testing 3 threads: Sum: 8775103584 / 9219587924(95.1789%) Loop: 1096887948 / 9219587924(11.8974%)
Testing 4 threads: Sum: 11350253944 / 10210948580(111.158%) Loop: 1418781743 / 10210948580(13.8947%)
Testing 5 threads: Sum: 14487451488 / 14623220822(99.0715%) Loop: 1810931436 / 14623220822(12.3839%)
Testing 6 threads: Sum: 17141556576 / 14437058094(118.733%) Loop: 2142694572 / 14437058094(14.8416%)
Testing 7 threads: Sum: 19883362288 / 18313186637(108.574%) Loop: 2485420286 / 18313186637(13.5718%)
Testing 8 threads: Sum: 22574437968 / 17115166001(131.897%) Loop: 2821804746 / 17115166001(16.4872%)
Testing 9 threads: Sum: 25356792368 / 18332200070(138.318%) Loop: 3169599046 / 18332200070(17.2898%)
Testing 10 threads: Sum: 28079398984 / 20747150935(135.341%) Loop: 3509924873 / 20747150935(16.9176%)
Testing 11 threads: Sum: 30783433560 / 21801526415(141.199%) Loop: 3847929195 / 21801526415(17.6498%)
Testing 12 threads: Sum: 33420443880 / 22794998080(146.613%) Loop: 4177555485 / 22794998080(18.3266%)
Testing 13 threads: Sum: 35989535640 / 23596768252(152.519%) Loop: 4498691955 / 23596768252(19.0649%)
Testing 14 threads: Sum: 38647578408 / 23796083111(162.412%) Loop: 4830947301 / 23796083111(20.3014%)
Testing 15 threads: Sum: 41148330392 / 24252804239(169.664%) Loop: 5143541299 / 24252804239(21.208%)
编辑:删除loop 变量后,在两种情况下都只留下local(参见代码中的编辑),结果仍然相同。
EDIT2:上面的结果是在 Ubuntu 上使用 GCC 9.3。我在 Windows (mingw) 上切换到 GCC 10.2,它显示了很好的缩放,见下文(结果是原始代码)。差不多可以断定是MSVC和GCC老版本的问题?
Testing 1 threads: Sum: 23752640416 / 3153263747(753.272%) Loop: 2969080052 / 3153263747(94.159%)
Testing 2 threads: Sum: 46533874656 / 6012052456(774.01%) Loop: 5816734332 / 6012052456(96.7512%)
Testing 3 threads: Sum: 66076900784 / 9260324764(713.548%) Loop: 8259612598 / 9260324764(89.1936%)
Testing 4 threads: Sum: 92216030528 / 12229625883(754.038%) Loop: 11527003816 / 12229625883(94.2548%)
Testing 5 threads: Sum: 111822357864 / 14439219677(774.435%) Loop: 13977794733 / 14439219677(96.8044%)
Testing 6 threads: Sum: 122858189272 / 17693796489(694.357%) Loop: 15357273659 / 17693796489(86.7947%)
Testing 7 threads: Sum: 148478021656 / 19618236169(756.837%) Loop: 18559752707 / 19618236169(94.6046%)
Testing 8 threads: Sum: 156931719736 / 19770409566(793.771%) Loop: 19616464967 / 19770409566(99.2213%)
Testing 9 threads: Sum: 143331726552 / 20753115024(690.652%) Loop: 17916465819 / 20753115024(86.3315%)
Testing 10 threads: Sum: 143541178880 / 20331801415(705.993%) Loop: 17942647360 / 20331801415(88.2492%)
Testing 11 threads: Sum: 160425817888 / 22209102603(722.343%) Loop: 20053227236 / 22209102603(90.2928%)
Testing 12 threads: Sum: 157095281392 / 23178532051(677.762%) Loop: 19636910174 / 23178532051(84.7202%)
Testing 13 threads: Sum: 156015224880 / 23818567634(655.015%) Loop: 19501903110 / 23818567634(81.8769%)
Testing 14 threads: Sum: 145464754912 / 23950304389(607.361%) Loop: 18183094364 / 23950304389(75.9201%)
Testing 15 threads: Sum: 149279587872 / 23585183977(632.938%) Loop: 18659948484 / 23585183977(79.1172%)
【问题讨论】:
-
@AlexLarionov 我认为你犯了一个错误。与
-O0相比,-O3的标量和 SIMD 都得到了改进,但相对于-O3的标量指令,SIMD 指令的运行速度相对要慢得多(意味着标量改进更多,而 SIMD 改进更少)。 -
@harold 是的,之后看我的编辑。与具有
loop变量的原始代码相比,几乎没有区别。 -
您是否进行了分析以检查哪条指令似乎花费的时间最多?
-
@PeterCordes 当我一个小时左右前把它固定起来时,它实际上并没有。这是我的担忧之一。由于标量运行的迭代之间的原子检查,它可能不能。
-
@Mgetz:我想知道这一点,感谢您的检查。是的,产生 8 倍于
stopFlag的读取次数将有效地算作优化读取;向量化就像展开然后卷成一个向量。我认为这可以解释-O2与-O3的区别,但这个问题实际上测试了-O0调试模式。这不是我对“高er”优化的期望。你可以说-O0并不是真正的“没有优化”,因为 GCC 总是在表达式中做一些事情,和/或这个短语没有意义,但是-O0有不同的瓶颈。
标签: c++ performance gcc simd avx2