The Go Programming Language Specification
Appending to and copying slices
可变参数函数 append 将零个或多个值 x 附加到 s 的
类型 S,必须是切片类型,并返回结果切片,
也是S型。
append(s S, x ...T) S // T is the element type of S
如果 s 的容量不足以容纳附加值,
append 分配一个新的,足够大的底层数组,适合
现有的切片元素和附加值。否则,
append 重用底层数组。
对于您的示例,平均而言,每个操作分配 [40, 41) 字节以在必要时增加切片的容量。使用摊销常数时间算法增加容量:最多 len 1024 增加到 2 倍上限,然后增加到 1.25 倍上限。平均而言,每个操作有 [0, 1) 次分配。
例如,
func BenchmarkMem(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
var x []int64
var a, ac int64
b.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
c := cap(x)
x = append(x, int64(i))
if cap(x) != c {
a++
ac += int64(cap(x))
}
}
b.StopTimer()
sizeInt64 := int64(8)
B := ac * sizeInt64 // bytes
b.Log("op", b.N, "B", B, "alloc", a, "lx", len(x), "cx", cap(x))
}
输出:
BenchmarkMem-4 50000000 26.6 ns/op 40 B/op 0 allocs/op
--- BENCH: BenchmarkMem-4
bench_test.go:32: op 1 B 8 alloc 1 lx 1 cx 1
bench_test.go:32: op 100 B 2040 alloc 8 lx 100 cx 128
bench_test.go:32: op 10000 B 386296 alloc 20 lx 10000 cx 12288
bench_test.go:32: op 1000000 B 45188344 alloc 40 lx 1000000 cx 1136640
bench_test.go:32: op 50000000 B 2021098744 alloc 57 lx 50000000 cx 50539520
对于op = 50000000,
B/op = floor(2021098744 / 50000000) = floor(40.421974888) = 40
allocs/op = floor(57 / 50000000) = floor(0.00000114) = 0
阅读:
Go Slices: usage and internals
Arrays, slices (and strings): The mechanics of 'append'
'append' complexity
要使追加的 B/op(和零分配/操作)为零,请在追加之前分配一个具有足够容量的切片。
例如,var x = make([]int64, 0, b.N),
func BenchmarkZero(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
var x = make([]int64, 0, b.N)
var a, ac int64
b.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
c := cap(x)
x = append(x, int64(i))
if cap(x) != c {
a++
ac += int64(cap(x))
}
}
b.StopTimer()
sizeInt64 := int64(8)
B := ac * sizeInt64 // bytes
b.Log("op", b.N, "B", B, "alloc", a, "lx", len(x), "cx", cap(x))
}
输出:
BenchmarkZero-4 100000000 11.7 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
--- BENCH: BenchmarkZero-4
bench_test.go:51: op 1 B 0 alloc 0 lx 1 cx 1
bench_test.go:51: op 100 B 0 alloc 0 lx 100 cx 100
bench_test.go:51: op 10000 B 0 alloc 0 lx 10000 cx 10000
bench_test.go:51: op 1000000 B 0 alloc 0 lx 1000000 cx 1000000
bench_test.go:51: op 100000000 B 0 alloc 0 lx 100000000 cx 100000000
请注意基准 CPU 时间从大约 26.6 ns/op 减少到大约 11.7 ns/op。