Python3 ImportError：无法从“http”导入名称“cookies”

Question

这似乎很常见，可能涉及 Python 2.x 和 Python 3.x 库之间的冲突。例如，这个答案表明问题出在路径上：

Import Python module fails (http.cookies)

但我得到的完整错误是：

ImportError: cannot import name 'cookies' from 'http' (/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/http/__init__.py)

如果我这样做：

cat /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/http/__init__.py

我明白了：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -
#
# This file is part of gunicorn released under the MIT license.
# See the NOTICE for more information.

from gunicorn.http.message import Message, Request
from gunicorn.http.parser import RequestParser

__all__ = ['Message', 'Request', 'RequestParser']

很明显，对于我拥有的HTTP 版本，没有导出cookies 模块。

如果我这样做：

find /usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/   -name  cookie.py

我看到两个条目：

/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/contrib/messages/storage/cookie.py

/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/http/cookie.py

这个文件：

/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/http/cookie.py

开头：

from http import cookies

当它位于http 时，它可以从http 自身导入是否有意义？而http 不会在其__init__.py 文件中导出它？

更新：

如果我运行这个：

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/gunicorn    ecommerce.wsgi:application --bind 0.0.0.0:8000

这是我看到的完整堆栈跟踪：

[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14987] [INFO] Starting gunicorn 19.9.0
[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14987] [INFO] Listening at: http://0.0.0.0:8000 (14987)
[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14987] [INFO] Using worker: sync
[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14990] [INFO] Booting worker with pid: 14990
[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14990] [ERROR] Exception in worker process
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/arbiter.py", line 583, in spawn_worker
    worker.init_process()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/workers/base.py", line 129, in init_process
    self.load_wsgi()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/workers/base.py", line 138, in load_wsgi
    self.wsgi = self.app.wsgi()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/app/base.py", line 67, in wsgi
    self.callable = self.load()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/app/wsgiapp.py", line 52, in load
    return self.load_wsgiapp()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/app/wsgiapp.py", line 41, in load_wsgiapp
    return util.import_app(self.app_uri)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/util.py", line 350, in import_app
    __import__(module)
  File "/usr/share/lynette-ecomerce-demo/ecommerce-site/version1/django/ecommerce/wsgi.py", line 12, in <module>
    from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/wsgi.py", line 2, in <module>
    from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIHandler
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py", line 8, in <module>
    from django.core.handlers import base
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py", line 7, in <module>
    from django.urls import get_resolver, set_urlconf
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/urls/__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
    from .base import (
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/urls/base.py", line 8, in <module>
    from .exceptions import NoReverseMatch, Resolver404
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/urls/exceptions.py", line 1, in <module>
    from django.http import Http404
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/http/__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
    from django.http.cookie import SimpleCookie, parse_cookie
  File "/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages/django/http/cookie.py", line 1, in <module>
    from http import cookies
ImportError: cannot import name 'cookies' from 'http' (/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/http/__init__.py)
[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14990] [INFO] Worker exiting (pid: 14990)
[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14987] [INFO] Shutting down: Master
[2018-08-19 21:19:15 +0000] [14987] [INFO] Reason: Worker failed to boot.                                                            

这是我根据不同的 Stackoverflow 答案创建的文件：

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/gunicorn 

这个文件的内容是：

#!/usr/bin/python3

#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re
import sys

from gunicorn.app.wsgiapp import run


if __name__ == '__main__':
        sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$','',sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(run())    

如果我这样做：

find /usr/local/lib/python3.7/   -name cookies.py

我明白了：

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cookies.py
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/future/backports/http/cookies.py
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/future/moves/http/cookies.py
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/cookies.py

如果我打印出 sys.path:

for p in sys.path:
    print(p)

我明白了：

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn
/usr/local/lib64/python3.7/site-packages
/usr/lib64/python37.zip
/usr/lib64/python3.7
/usr/lib64/python3.7/lib-dynload
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages
/usr/lib64/python3.7/site-packages
/usr/lib/python3.7/site-packages
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/..
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/../project                                    

Answer 1

问题是你如何调用guincorn：

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/gunicorn    ecommerce.wsgi:application --bind 0.0.0.0:8000

这会将/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/ 放在sys.path 的开头，导致导入从那里开始。现在import http 将导入/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/gunicorn/http/__init__.py 而不是标准库http 模块，而不是/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages。

调用gunicorn 的正确方法是调用安装在bin 目录中的脚本 -- 例如，这可能位于/usr/local/bin/gunicorn。

关于更多信息，我做了一个更彻底的无关示例that I usually link to

不相关，但你不应该设置PYTHONPATH，解释器会为你把site-packages放在sys.path上