对我来说,显然第二种方式应该更快,但要快多少?
所以我写了一些基准here
@State(Scope.Thread)
open class ModifyingImmutableList {
@Param("10", "100", "10000", "1000000")
var size: Int = 0
lateinit var players: List<Player>
@Setup
fun setup() {
players = generatePlayers(size)
}
@Benchmark fun iterative(): List<Player> {
return players.mapIndexed { i, player ->
if (i == 2) player.copy(score = 100)
else player
}
}
@Benchmark fun toMutable(): List<Player> {
val updatedPlayer = players[2].copy(score = 100)
val mutable = players.toMutableList()
mutable.set(2, updatedPlayer)
return mutable.toList()
}
@Benchmark fun toArrayList(): List<Player> {
val updatedPlayer = players[2].copy(score = 100)
return players.set(2, updatedPlayer)
}
}
并关注results:
$ java -jar target/benchmarks.jar -f 5 -wi 5 ModifyingImmutableList
Benchmark (size) Mode Cnt Score Error Units
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 10 thrpt 100 6885018.769 ± 189148.764 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 100 thrpt 100 877403.066 ± 20792.117 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 10000 thrpt 100 10456.272 ± 382.177 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 1000000 thrpt 100 108.167 ± 3.506 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 10 thrpt 100 33278431.127 ± 560577.516 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 100 thrpt 100 11009646.095 ± 180549.177 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 10000 thrpt 100 129167.033 ± 2532.945 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 1000000 thrpt 100 528.502 ± 16.451 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 10 thrpt 100 19679357.039 ± 338925.701 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 100 thrpt 100 5504388.388 ± 102757.671 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 10000 thrpt 100 62809.131 ± 1070.111 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 1000000 thrpt 100 258.013 ± 8.076 ops/s
所以这个测试表明,迭代收集慢了大约 3~6 倍,即复制。我还提供了我的实现:toArray,看起来性能更高。
在 10 个元素上,toArray 方法的吞吐量为每秒 33278431.127 ± 560577.516 次操作。慢吗?还是非常快?我编写了“基线”测试,它显示了复制 Players 和变异数组的成本。结果有趣:
@Benchmark fun baseline(): List<Player> {
val updatedPlayer = players[2].copy(score = 100)
mutable[2] = updatedPlayer;
return mutable
}
可变的地方 - 只是MutableList,即ArrayList。
$ java -jar target/benchmarks.jar -f 5 -wi 5 ModifyingImmutableList
Benchmark (size) Mode Cnt Score Error Units
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 10 thrpt 100 81026110.043 ± 1076989.958 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 100 thrpt 100 81299168.496 ± 910200.124 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 10000 thrpt 100 81854190.779 ± 1010264.620 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 1000000 thrpt 100 83906022.547 ± 615205.008 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 10 thrpt 100 33090236.757 ± 518459.863 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 100 thrpt 100 11074338.763 ± 138272.711 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 10000 thrpt 100 131486.634 ± 1188.045 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 1000000 thrpt 100 531.425 ± 18.513 ops/s
在 10 个元素上我们有 2 倍的回归,在 100 万个元素上我们有大约 150000 倍!
所以看起来ArrayList 不是不可变数据结构的最佳选择。但是还有很多其他的收藏,其中之一是pcollections。让我们看看他们在我们的场景中得到了什么:
@Benchmark fun pcollections(): List<Player> {
val updatedPlayer = players[2].copy(score = 100)
return pvector.with(2, updatedPlayer)
}
其中 pvector 是pvector:PVector<Player> = TreePVector.from(players)。
$ java -jar target/benchmarks.jar -f 5 -wi 5 ModifyingImmutableList
Benchmark (size) Mode Cnt Score Error Units
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 10 thrpt 100 79462416.691 ± 1391446.159 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 100 thrpt 100 79991447.499 ± 1328008.619 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 10000 thrpt 100 80017095.482 ± 1385143.058 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 1000000 thrpt 100 81358696.411 ± 1308714.098 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 10 thrpt 100 15665979.142 ± 371910.991 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 100 thrpt 100 9419433.113 ± 161562.675 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 10000 thrpt 100 4747628.815 ± 81192.752 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 1000000 thrpt 100 3011819.457 ± 45548.403 ops/s
结果不错!在 100 万的情况下,我们的执行速度只有 27 倍,这非常酷,但在小型集合 pcollections 上比 ArrayList 实现慢一点。
更新:正如@mfulton26 提到的,在toMutable 基准toList 是不必要的,所以我删除它并重新运行测试。我还从现有数组中添加了创建成本的基准TreePVector:
$ java -jar target/benchmarks.jar ModifyingImmutableList
Benchmark (size) Mode Cnt Score Error Units
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 10 thrpt 200 77639718.988 ± 1384171.128 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 100 thrpt 200 75978576.147 ± 1528533.332 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 10000 thrpt 200 79041238.378 ± 1137107.301 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.baseline 1000000 thrpt 200 84739641.265 ± 557334.317 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 10 thrpt 200 7389762.016 ± 72981.918 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 100 thrpt 200 956362.269 ± 11642.808 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 10000 thrpt 200 10953.451 ± 121.175 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.iterative 1000000 thrpt 200 115.379 ± 1.301 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 10 thrpt 200 15984856.119 ± 162075.427 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 100 thrpt 200 9322011.769 ± 176301.745 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 10000 thrpt 200 4854742.140 ± 69066.751 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollections 1000000 thrpt 200 3064251.812 ± 35972.244 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollectionsFrom 10 thrpt 200 1585762.689 ± 20972.881 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollectionsFrom 100 thrpt 200 67107.504 ± 808.308 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollectionsFrom 10000 thrpt 200 268.268 ± 2.901 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.pcollectionsFrom 1000000 thrpt 200 1.406 ± 0.015 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 10 thrpt 200 34567833.775 ± 423910.463 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 100 thrpt 200 11395084.257 ± 76689.517 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 10000 thrpt 200 134299.055 ± 602.848 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toArrayList 1000000 thrpt 200 549.064 ± 15.317 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 10 thrpt 200 32441627.735 ± 391890.514 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 100 thrpt 200 11505955.564 ± 71394.457 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 10000 thrpt 200 134819.741 ± 526.830 ops/s
ModifyingImmutableList.toMutable 1000000 thrpt 200 561.031 ± 8.117 ops/s