鉴于您在 cmets 中更新了有关拥有大约 10^5 个输入文件的信息（因此超过了非内置命令的 shell 最大参数数）并希望输出列按照它们看到的顺序而不是按字母顺序排序，以下将使用任何 awk 和任何 find 工作：
$ cat tst.sh
#!/bin/env bash
find . -maxdepth 1 -type f -name "$1" |
awk '
NR==FNR {
fileName = $0
ARGV[ARGC++] = fileName
if ( (getline fldList < fileName) > 0 ) {
if ( !seenList[fldList]++ ) {
numFlds = split(fldList,fldArr)
for (inFldNr=1; inFldNr<=numFlds; inFldNr++) {
fldName = fldArr[inFldNr]
if ( !seenName[fldName]++ ) {
hdr = (numOutFlds++ ? hdr OFS : "") fldName
outNr2name[numOutFlds] = fldName
}
}
}
}
close(fileName)
next
}
FNR == 1 {
if ( !doneHdr++ ) {
print hdr
}
delete name2inNr
for (inFldNr=1; inFldNr<=NF; inFldNr++) {
fldName = $inFldNr
name2inNr[fldName] = inFldNr
}
next
}
{
for (outFldNr=1; outFldNr<=numOutFlds; outFldNr++) {
fldName = outNr2name[outFldNr]
inFldNr = name2inNr[fldName]
fldValue = (inFldNr ? $inFldNr : "-")
printf "%s%s", fldValue, (outFldNr<numOutFlds ? OFS : ORS)
}
}
' -
.
$ ./tst.sh 'file*.dat'
a b c e f d g
5 7 2 - - - -
3 9 1 - - - -
2 9 - 8 3 - -
2 8 - 3 3 - -
1 0 - 3 2 - -
1 - 1 - - 5 2
请注意，脚本的输入现在是您希望 find 用来查找文件的通配模式，而不是文件列表。
原答案：
如果您不介意组合的 shell+awk 脚本，那么这将使用任何 awk：
$ cat tst.sh
#!/bin/env bash
awk -v hdrs="$(head -1 -q "$@" | tr ' ' '\n' | sort -u)" '
BEGIN {
numOutFlds = split(hdrs,outNr2name)
for (outFldNr=1; outFldNr<=numOutFlds; outFldNr++) {
fldName = outNr2name[outFldNr]
printf "%s%s", fldName, (outFldNr<numOutFlds ? OFS : ORS)
}
}
FNR == 1 {
delete name2inNr
for (inFldNr=1; inFldNr<=NF; inFldNr++) {
fldName = $inFldNr
name2inNr[fldName] = inFldNr
}
next
}
{
for (outFldNr=1; outFldNr<=numOutFlds; outFldNr++) {
fldName = outNr2name[outFldNr]
inFldNr = name2inNr[fldName]
fldValue = (inFldNr ? $inFldNr : "-")
printf "%s%s", fldValue, (outFldNr<numOutFlds ? OFS : ORS)
}
}
' "$@"
.
$ ./tst.sh file{1..3}.dat
a b c d e f g
5 7 2 - - - -
3 9 1 - - - -
2 9 - - 8 3 -
2 8 - - 3 3 -
1 0 - - 3 2 -
1 - 1 5 - - 2
否则这都是使用 GNU awk 处理数组、sorted_in 和 ARGIND 的 awk：
$ cat tst.awk
BEGIN {
for (inFileNr=1; inFileNr<ARGC; inFileNr++) {
inFileName = ARGV[inFileNr]
if ( (getline < inFileName) > 0 ) {
for (inFldNr=1; inFldNr<=NF; inFldNr++) {
fldName = $inFldNr
name2inNr[fldName][inFileNr] = inFldNr
}
}
close(inFileName)
}
PROCINFO["sorted_in"] = "@ind_str_asc"
for (fldName in name2inNr) {
printf "%s%s", (numOutFlds++ ? OFS : ""), fldName
for (inFileNr in name2inNr[fldName]) {
outNr2inNr[numOutFlds][inFileNr] = name2inNr[fldName][inFileNr]
}
}
print ""
}
FNR > 1 {
for (outFldNr=1; outFldNr<=numOutFlds; outFldNr++) {
inFldNr = outNr2inNr[outFldNr][ARGIND]
fldValue = (inFldNr ? $inFldNr : "-")
printf "%s%s", fldValue, (outFldNr<numOutFlds ? OFS : ORS)
}
}
.
$ awk -f tst.awk file{1..3}.dat
a b c d e f g
5 7 2 - - - -
3 9 1 - - - -
2 9 - - 8 3 -
2 8 - - 3 3 -
1 0 - - 3 2 -
1 - 1 5 - - 2
为了提高效率，上面的第二个脚本在 BEGIN 部分完成了所有繁重的工作，因此在每个输入行评估一次的脚本主体中剩下的工作尽可能少。在 BEGIN 部分，它创建一个关联数组 (outNr2inNr[])，将传出字段编号（所有输入文件中所有字段名称按字母顺序排序的列表）映射到传入字段编号，因此在正文中剩下要做的就是打印按该顺序排列的字段。