Swift 类初始化器中的可选类初始化器参数

Question

我有一个名为 User 的类 init，而 User 类包含一些参数。现在在 Offer 类中，您可以看到我将 User 类作为参数传递，但我希望将其作为可选参数。有没有办法在你的参数中有一个可选的类？谢谢

struct User {
    let uid: String
    let username: String

    init(uid: String, dictionary: [String: Any]) {
        self.uid = uid
        self.username = dictionary["username"] as? String ?? ""
    }
}

struct Offer {
    let user: User
    let caption: String
    let imageURL: String
    let creationDate: Date

    init(user: User, dictionary: [String: Any]) {
        self.user = user
        self.caption = dictionary["caption"] as? String ?? ""
        self.imageURL = dictionary["image_url"] as? String ?? ""

        let secondsFrom1970 = dictionary["creation_date"] as? Double ?? 0
        self.creationDate = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: secondsFrom1970)
    }
}

Answer 1

您的代码混淆了两件不同的事情：使用一组成员值初始化对象，以及从字典中提取这些成员。只需编写两个单独的初始化程序：

import Foundation

struct User {
    let uid: String
    let username: String

    /*
    // Due to the absence of an explicit initializer declaration,
    // the compiler will synthesize an implicit member-wise initailizer like this:
    init(uid: String, username: String) {
        self.uid = uid
        self.username = username
    }
    */
}

extension User {
    // Putting this initializer in an extension preserves he member-wise intializer
    init?(fromDict dict: [String: Any]) {
        guard let uid = dict["uid"] as? String,
              let username = dict["username"]  as? String
        else { return nil }

        self.init(uid: uid, username: username)
    }
}

struct Offer {
    let user: User
    let caption: String
    let imageURL: String
    let creationDate: Date

    /*
    // Due to the absence of an explicit initializer declaration,
    // the compiler will synthesize an implicit member-wise initailizer like this:
    init(
        user: User,
        caption: String,
        imageURL: String,
        creationDate: Date
    ) {
        self.user = user
        self.caption = caption
        self.imageURL = imageURL
        self.creationDate = creationDate
    }
    */
}

extension Offer {
    // Putting this initializer in an extension preserves he member-wise intializer
    init?(fromDict dict: [String: Any]) {
        guard let user = dict["user"] as? User,
              let caption = dict["caption"] as? String,
              let imageURL = dict["image_url"] as? String,
              let secondsFrom1970 = dict["creation_date"] as? Double
        else { return nil }

        self.init(
            user: user,
            caption: caption,
            imageURL: imageURL,
            creationDate: Date(timeIntervalSince1970: secondsFrom1970)
        )
    }
}

一些注意事项：

1. 在 nil 的情况下使用 nil-coalescing 运算符 (??) 提供无意义的默认值是非常糟糕的做法。它隐藏故障并默默地引入数据完整性问题；不要这样做。
2. String 不是名为 imageURL 的成员的合适类型。使用URL。
3. 如果这些 dicts 来自 JSON，请使用 Codable 协议自动执行所有这些样板代码。
4. String 对于 ID 来说是一个糟糕的类型，主要是因为与更合适的类型（如 UUID 和 Int）相比，它真的很慢。在大多数数据库中尤其如此，其中文本比较比 Int/UUID 比较慢。

Answer 2

首先这不是class 这是struct，它们都是不同的。

您可以轻松创建如下所示的可选参数。 您还需要将user 属性标记为可选。

struct Offer {
    let user: User?
    let caption: String
    let imageURL: String
    let creationDate: Date

    init(user: User? = nil, dictionary: [String: Any]) {
        self.user = user
        self.caption = dictionary["caption"] as? String ?? ""
        self.imageURL = dictionary["image_url"] as? String ?? ""

        let secondsFrom1970 = dictionary["creation_date"] as? Double ?? 0
        self.creationDate = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: secondsFrom1970)
    }
}