超类的方法没有被子类继承

Question

我正在关注有关面向对象的 Python 的书，但我偶然发现了 对我来说完全没有意义的代码：

class Property:

    def __init__(self, square_feet='', beds='', baths='', **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.square_feet = square_feet
        self.num_bedrooms = beds
        self.num_baths = baths

    def display(self):
        print('PROPERTY DETAILS')
        print('----------------')
        print(f'square footage: {self.square_feet}')
        print(f'bedrooms: {self.num_bedrooms}')
        print(f'bathrooms: {self.baths}')
        print()

    def prompt_init():
        return dict(square_feet=input('Enter the square feet: '),
                beds=input('bedrooms: '), baths=input('baths: '))

    def get_valid_input(input_string, valid_options):
        input_string += ' ({}) '.format(', '.join(valid_options))
        response = input(input_string)
        while response.lower() not in valid_options:
            response = input(input_string)
        return response

    prompt_init = staticmethod(prompt_init)

那么我有：

class House(Property):
    valid_garage = ('attached', 'detached', 'none')
    valid_fenced = ('yes', 'no')

    def __init__(self, num_stories='', garage='', fenced='', **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.garage = garage
        self.fenced = fenced
        self.num_stories = num_stories

    def display(self):
        super().display()
        print('HOUSE DETAILS')
        print(f'# of stories: {self.num_stories}')
        print(f'garage: {self.garage}')
        print(f'fenced yard: {self.fenced}')

    def prompt_init():
        parent_init = Property.prompt_init()
    --> fenced = get_valid_input('Is the yard fenced ? ',   House.valid_fenced)
        garage = get_valid_input('Is there a garage ? ', House.valid_garage)
        num_stories = input('How many stories ? ')

        parent_init.update({
            'fenced': fenced,
            'garage': garage,
            'num_stories': num_stories
        })
        return parent_init
        prompt_init = staticmethod(prompt_init)


class Rental:

    def __init__(self, furnished='', utilities='', rent='', **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.furnished = furnished
        self.utilities = utilities
        self.rent = rent

    def display(self):
        super().display()
        print('RENTAL DETAILS')
        print(f'rent: {self.rent}')
        print(f'estimated utilities: {self.utilities}')
        print(f'furnished: {self.furnished}')

    def prompt_init():
        return dict(
            rent=input('What is the monthly rent ? '), utilities=input('What are the estimated utilities ? '),
            furnished=input('Is the property furnished ? ', ('yes', 'no')))
    prompt_init = staticmethod(prompt_init)


class HouseRental(Rental, House):

    def prompt_init():
        init = House.prompt_init()
        init.update(Rental.prompt_init())
        return init
    prompt_init = staticmethod(prompt_ini

当我像这样实例化 HouseRental 类时：

init = HouseRental.prompt_init()

我收到一堆提示，但我也收到了错误

get_valid_input 未定义

在我用--> 标记的行上，这对我来说没有意义，因为该方法是在Property 超类中定义的，而House 类是Property 的子类，它继承了所有方法Property有。

House 类怎么不识别方法？

Answer 1

将self 作为第一个参数传递给House 中的prompt_init 方法，并使用self.get_valid_inputs(...) 调用继承的方法。

在您的House 班级中：

def prompt_init(self):
    parent_init = Property.prompt_init()
    fenced = self.get_valid_input('Is the yard fenced ? ',   House.valid_fenced)
    garage = self.get_valid_input('Is there a garage ? ', House.valid_garage)
    num_stories = input('How many stories ? ')
    # ...

您还必须将self 作为父类的get_valid_input 方法的第一个参数传递。这是因为 Python 会自动将调用对象的引用作为类方法的第一个参数传递，因此如果您在签名中不考虑这一点，您将收到“参数过多”错误。

在您的Property 班级中：

def get_valid_input(self, input_string, valid_options):
    input_string += ' ({}) '.format(', '.join(valid_options))
    response = input(input_string)
    # ...

然后house = House().prompt_init() 运行没有错误。

看起来您可能需要将 self 作为参数添加到您的子类的所有其他 prompt_init 方法中。通常，您应该始终将self 作为第一个参数传递给类中的方法。

Answer 2

对我有用的是将方法从超类中取出并留下 在这样的全局范围内：

def get_valid_input(input_string, valid_options):
    input_string += ' ({}) '.format(', '.join(valid_options))
    response = input(input_string)
    while response.lower() not in valid_options:
        response = input(input_string)
    return response


class Property:

    ...
    # other methods
    ...


class House(Property):

    ...
    # other methods
    ...

    def prompt_init():
        parent_init = Property.prompt_init()
        fenced = get_valid_input('Is the yard fenced ? ', House.valid_fenced)
        garage = get_valid_input('Is there a garage ? ', House.valid_garage)
        num_stories = input('How many stories ? ')

        parent_init.update({
            'fenced': fenced,
            'garage': garage,
            'num_stories': num_stories
        })
        return parent_init


class HouseRental(Rental, House):

    def prompt_init():
        init = House.prompt_init()
        init.update(Rental.prompt_init())
        return init
    prompt_init = staticmethod(prompt_init)