想想你的应用程序元素之间的关系，并让它帮助形成你的类和对象设计。
说明：
应用程序将有一个窗口，其中包含一个按钮和一个容纳 0 个或多个球的容器区域。
单击按钮时，应将一个新球添加到容器中。
一个球应该以固定的速度在其容器周围移动并从容器的边界反弹。
设计：
这个描述告诉了我们很多关于如何构建我们的代码的信息。
我们有一些名词：（应用程序）、窗口、按钮、容器、边界和球。
我们有一些动词：(have、contains、hold、add)、move[ball]、bounce[ball]、click[button]。
名词暗示可能要实现的类。以及可能在相关类中实现的方法处的动词。
让我们创建一个类来表示窗口并将其称为 Rebound、一个表示容器的类称为 BallPanel 和一个表示球的类称为 Ball。在这种情况下，窗口和应用程序可以被认为是相同的。事实证明，该按钮可以巧妙地实现，而无需为其创建单独的类。而且边界很简单，可以用整数表示。
上面我只是解释了一种方法来帮助澄清问题，下面我将提供一种可能的实现。这些旨在提供一些指导性提示以帮助您理解。您可以通过多种方式分析此问题或实施解决方案，希望对您有所帮助。
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ComponentAdapter;
import java.awt.event.ComponentEvent;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import javax.swing.AbstractAction;
import javax.swing.BoxLayout;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
import javax.swing.Timer;
public class Rebound extends JFrame {
/* Milliseconds between each time balls move */
static final int MOVE_DELAY = 20;
/* The JButton for adding a new ball. An AbstractAction
* provides a neat way to specify the label and on-click
* code for the button inline */
JButton addBallButton = new JButton(new AbstractAction("Add ball") {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
ballContainer.addBall();
}
});
/* The Panel for holding the balls. It will need to
* keep tracks of each ball, so we'll make it a subclass
* of JPanel with extra code for the ball management (see
* the definition, after the end of the Rebound class) */
BallPanel ballContainer = new BallPanel();
public Rebound() {
super("Rebound");
setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
getContentPane().setLayout(new BoxLayout(getContentPane(), BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
/* There was no neat way to specify the button size
* when we declared it, so let's do that now */
addBallButton.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 35));
/* Add the components to this window */
getContentPane().add(addBallButton);
getContentPane().add(ballContainer);
pack();
/* Create a timer that will send an ActionEvent
* to our BallPanel every MOVE_DELAY milliseconds */
new Timer(MOVE_DELAY, ballContainer).start();
}
/* The entry point for our program */
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* We use this utility to ensure that code
* relating to Swing components is executed
* on the correct thread (the Swing event
* dispatcher thread) */
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
new Rebound().setVisible(true);
}
});
}
}
/* Our subclass of JPanel that also manages a list of
* balls. It implements ActionListener so that it can
* act on the Timer event we set up in the Rebound class */
class BallPanel extends JPanel implements ActionListener {
/* An automatically expanding list structure that can
* contain 0 or more Ball objects. We'll create a Ball
* class to manage the position, movement and draw code
* for each ball. */
List<Ball> balls = new ArrayList<Ball>();
/* Let's add some code that will be run
* when the panel is resized (which will happen
* if its window is resized.) We need to make sure
* that each Ball is told about the new bounds
* of the component, so it knows that the place
* where it should bounce has changed */
public BallPanel() {
super();
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400,300));
addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() {
public void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) {
if (BallPanel.this == e.getComponent()) {
for (Ball ball : balls) {
ball.setBounds(getWidth(), getHeight());
}
}
}
});
}
/* This method is part of the JPanel class we are subclassing.
* Here we change the implementation of the method, ensuring
* we call the original implementation so that we are only
* adding to what it does. */
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
/* Call the original implementation of this method */
super.paintComponent(g);
/* Lets draw a black border around the bounds of the component
* to make it clear where the balls should rebound from */
g.drawRect(0,0,getWidth(),getHeight());
/* Now lets draw all the balls we currently have stored in
* our list. */
for (Ball ball : balls) {
ball.draw(g);
}
}
/* This method will add a new Ball into our list. Remember
* from earlier that we call this when our button is clicked. */
public void addBall() {
balls.add(new Ball(this,10,10,getWidth(),getHeight()));
}
/* This method will receive the event from Timer we set up in
* the Rebound class. We want it to cause all the ball to
* move to their next position. */
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
for(Ball ball : balls) {
ball.move();
}
/* Request that Swing repaints this JPanel. This should
* cause the paintComponent() method we implemented
* above to be called soon after. */
repaint();
}
}
/* This is our class for keeping track of an individual ball
* and it's position, movement and how it is drawn. */
class Ball {
/* Let's say all balls will have the same diameter of 35.
* The static modifier says that this is a value
* that is shared by all instances of Ball. */
static final int SIZE = 35;
/* Let's say all balls will have a speed in both the X and Y
* axes of 3. The static modifier says that this is a value
* that is shared by all instances of Ball. */
static final int SPEED = 3;
/* Each ball needs to know its position, which we will store
* as x and y coordinates in 2D space */
int x, y;
/* Each ball needs to know the bounds in which it lives, so
* it knows when to bounce. We'll be assuming the minimum
* bound is 0,0 in 2D space. The maximum bound will be
* maxX,mayY in 2D space. We could have made these static
* and shared by all balls, but that means we would have
* to remember to change them to not be static if in the
* future we wanted Ball to be used on more than one JPanel.
* If we didn't remember, then we'd see some buggy behaviour. */
int maxX, maxY;
/* Each ball needs to know its current speed in the X and Y
* directions. We can use positive and negative values to
* keep track of the direction of the ball's movement. */
int speedX = SPEED, speedY = SPEED;
/* Each ball needs to know which panel it is being drawn to
* (this is needed by ImageIcon#drawImage()). */
JPanel panel;
public Ball(JPanel panel, int x, int y, int maxX, int maxY) {
this.x = x; this.y = y;
this.maxX = maxX; this.maxY = maxY;
this.panel = panel;
}
public void setBounds(int maxX, int maxY) {
this.maxX = maxX; this.maxY = maxY;
}
/* This method updates the position of this ball, using
* the current speed and bounds to work out what the new
* position should be.
* This should be called by our BallPanel#actionPerformed()
* method in response to the Timer we set up in the Rebound
* class. */
public void move() {
x += speedX;
y += speedY;
// Approx bounce, okay for small speed
if (x<0) { speedX=-speedX; x=0; }
if (y<0) { speedY=-speedY; y=0; }
if (x+SIZE>maxX) { speedX=-speedX; x=maxX-SIZE; }
if (y+SIZE>maxY) { speedY=-speedY; y=maxY-SIZE; }
}
/* This method is responsible for drawing this ball on
* the provided graphics context (which should come from
* the JPanel associated with the ball). We also have
* the panel, should we need it (ImageIcon#drawImage() needs
* this, but Graphics#drawOval() does not.)
*/
public void draw(Graphics g) {
//image.paintIcon(panel, g, x, y); - commented out because I don't have an ImageIcon
g.drawOval(x, y, SIZE, SIZE);
}
}