用 Python 编写一个 TTL 装饰器答案

【问题标题】：Writing a TTL decorator in Python用 Python 编写一个 TTL 装饰器
【发布时间】：2009-02-23 07:16:49
【问题描述】：

我正在尝试在 python 中编写一个 TTL 装饰器。基本上，如果函数没有，我会给它一个异常在选定的时间内回答。

你可以在http://sebulba.wikispaces.com/recipe+thread2找到thead2 sn-ps

from thread2 import Thread

"""  A TTL decorator. """
class Worker(Thread):
    def __init__(self, q, f, args, kvargs):
        Thread.__init__(self)

        self.q = q
        self.f = f
        self.args = args
        self.kvargs = kvargs

    def run(self,):
        try:
            res = (True, self.f(*self.args, **self.kvargs))
            self.q.put(res)
        except Exception, e:
            self.q.put((False, e))

class Referee(Thread):
    def __init__(self,q, ttl,exception_factory):
        Thread.__init__(self)

        self.exception_factory=exception_factory    
        self.q=q
        self.ttl=ttl

    def run(self):
        time.sleep(self.ttl)
        res = (False, self.exception_factory())
        self.q.put(res)

def raise_if_too_long(ttl, exception_factory=lambda :RuntimeError("Timeout")):
    def raise_if_too_long_aux(f):
        def ritl(*args,**kvargs):
            q = Queue.Queue(2)

            referee = Referee(q, ttl, exception_factory)
            worker = Worker(q,f,args,kvargs)

            worker.start()
            referee.start()

            (valid, res)= q.get(1)

            q.task_done()

            referee.terminate()
            worker.terminate()

            if valid:
                return res
            else:
                raise res

        return ritl

    return raise_if_too_long_aux

但是，我得到了一些非常糟糕的结果。似乎有时该功能还可以正常返回装饰器在达到 TTL 并且错误之前不会返回加薪。

您发现这段代码有什么问题吗？有没有一种通用的方法/库在 python 中编写带有 TTL 的函数？

【问题讨论】：

标签： python decorator ttl

【解决方案1】：

提供的代码有点难以理解——它如何在正确的线程中正确的时间、正确的位置引发异常？

考虑一下这个粗略的流程：

装饰器函数与目标函数一起调用。返回一个函数：

启动线程，调用目标函数
使用 thread.join([timeout]) 加入线程
如果超时，引发异常，并忽略线程的结果。
如果没有超时，捕获线程的结果并返回。

（您需要设计一种方法来捕获线程的输出......）

有关线程超时的信息，请参阅http://docs.python.org/library/threading.html...

（或者直接使用erlang :)

【讨论】：

谢谢它真的很有帮助。我不知道 thread.join(timeout)。

【解决方案2】：

如果您希望在超过超时后终止函数的执行，您可能需要尝试具有该功能的代码。要使用该模块，只需将您的函数作为add_timeout 的参数调用，并且返回值可以运行。一旦被调用，就可以轮询对象的ready 属性，并且可以通过value 属性访问返回的任何内容。代码的文档应该提供对其余可用 API 的解释。

[因长度而编辑的代码]请参阅 timeout.py 获取源代码。

附录：

还有另一种看待问题的方法。您可以将函数及其参数提交给一个执行引擎，该引擎可以强制执行它可以运行多长时间的超时，而不是装饰一个函数以使其具有生存时间。我上面的原始答案是大约八年前对这个问题的解决方案。在进一步研究该主题后，我可以推荐以下模块吗？其后的模块用于测试和演示asynchronous 模块的用法。

asynchronous.py

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import abc as _abc
import collections as _collections
import enum as _enum
import math as _math
import multiprocessing as _multiprocessing
import operator as _operator
import queue as _queue
import signal as _signal
import sys as _sys
import time as _time

__all__ = (
    'Executor',
    'get_timeout',
    'set_timeout',
    'submit',
    'map_',
    'shutdown'
)


class _Base(metaclass=_abc.ABCMeta):
    __slots__ = (
        '__timeout',
    )

    @_abc.abstractmethod
    def __init__(self, timeout):
        self.timeout = _math.inf if timeout is None else timeout

    def get_timeout(self):
        return self.__timeout

    def set_timeout(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, (float, int)):
            raise TypeError('value must be of type float or int')
        if value <= 0:
            raise ValueError('value must be greater than zero')
        self.__timeout = value

    timeout = property(get_timeout, set_timeout)


def _run_and_catch(fn, args, kwargs):
    # noinspection PyPep8,PyBroadException
    try:
        return False, fn(*args, **kwargs)
    except:
        return True, _sys.exc_info()[1]


def _run(fn, args, kwargs, queue):
    queue.put_nowait(_run_and_catch(fn, args, kwargs))


class _State(_enum.IntEnum):
    PENDING = _enum.auto()
    RUNNING = _enum.auto()
    CANCELLED = _enum.auto()
    FINISHED = _enum.auto()
    ERROR = _enum.auto()


def _run_and_catch_loop(iterable, *args, **kwargs):
    exception = None
    for fn in iterable:
        error, value = _run_and_catch(fn, args, kwargs)
        if error:
            exception = value
    if exception:
        raise exception


class _Future(_Base):
    __slots__ = (
        '__queue',
        '__process',
        '__start_time',
        '__callbacks',
        '__result'
    )

    def __init__(self, timeout, fn, args, kwargs):
        super().__init__(timeout)
        self.__queue = _multiprocessing.Queue(1)
        self.__process = _multiprocessing.Process(
            target=_run,
            args=(fn, args, kwargs, self.__queue),
            daemon=True
        )
        self.__start_time = _math.inf
        self.__callbacks = _collections.deque()
        self.__result = True, TimeoutError()

    @property
    def __state(self):
        pid, exitcode = self.__process.pid, self.__process.exitcode
        return (_State.PENDING if pid is None else
                _State.RUNNING if exitcode is None else
                _State.CANCELLED if exitcode == -_signal.SIGTERM else
                _State.FINISHED if exitcode == 0 else
                _State.ERROR)

    def __repr__(self):
        root = f'{type(self).__name__} at {id(self)} state={self.__state.name}'
        if self.__state < _State.CANCELLED:
            return f'<{root}>'
        error, value = self.__result
        suffix = f'{"raised" if error else "returned"} {type(value).__name__}'
        return f'<{root} {suffix}>'

    def __consume_callbacks(self):
        while self.__callbacks:
            yield self.__callbacks.popleft()

    def __invoke_callbacks(self):
        self.__process.join()
        _run_and_catch_loop(self.__consume_callbacks(), self)

    def cancel(self):
        self.__process.terminate()
        self.__invoke_callbacks()

    def __auto_cancel(self):
        elapsed_time = _time.perf_counter() - self.__start_time
        if elapsed_time > self.timeout:
            self.cancel()
        return elapsed_time

    def cancelled(self):
        self.__auto_cancel()
        return self.__state is _State.CANCELLED

    def running(self):
        self.__auto_cancel()
        return self.__state is _State.RUNNING

    def done(self):
        self.__auto_cancel()
        return self.__state > _State.RUNNING

    def __handle_result(self, error, value):
        self.__result = error, value
        self.__invoke_callbacks()

    def __ensure_termination(self):
        elapsed_time = self.__auto_cancel()
        if not self.__queue.empty():
            self.__handle_result(*self.__queue.get_nowait())
        elif self.__state < _State.CANCELLED:
            remaining_time = self.timeout - elapsed_time
            if remaining_time == _math.inf:
                remaining_time = None
            try:
                result = self.__queue.get(True, remaining_time)
            except _queue.Empty:
                self.cancel()
            else:
                self.__handle_result(*result)

    def result(self):
        self.__ensure_termination()
        error, value = self.__result
        if error:
            raise value
        return value

    def exception(self):
        self.__ensure_termination()
        error, value = self.__result
        if error:
            return value

    def add_done_callback(self, fn):
        if self.done():
            fn(self)
        else:
            self.__callbacks.append(fn)

    def _set_running_or_notify_cancel(self):
        if self.__state is _State.PENDING:
            self.__process.start()
            self.__start_time = _time.perf_counter()
        else:
            self.cancel()


class Executor(_Base):
    __slots__ = (
        '__futures',
    )

    def __init__(self, timeout=None):
        super().__init__(timeout)
        self.__futures = set()

    def submit(self, fn, *args, **kwargs):
        future = _Future(self.timeout, fn, args, kwargs)
        self.__futures.add(future)
        future.add_done_callback(self.__futures.remove)
        # noinspection PyProtectedMember
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        return future

    @staticmethod
    def __cancel_futures(iterable):
        _run_and_catch_loop(map(_operator.attrgetter('cancel'), iterable))

    def map(self, fn, *iterables):
        futures = tuple(self.submit(fn, *args) for args in zip(*iterables))

        def result_iterator():
            future_iterator = iter(futures)
            try:
                for future in future_iterator:
                    yield future.result()
            finally:
                self.__cancel_futures(future_iterator)

        return result_iterator()

    def shutdown(self):
        self.__cancel_futures(frozenset(self.__futures))

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.shutdown()
        return False


_executor = Executor()
get_timeout = _executor.get_timeout
set_timeout = _executor.set_timeout
submit = _executor.submit
map_ = _executor.map
shutdown = _executor.shutdown
del _executor

test_asynchronous.py

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import _thread
import atexit
import functools
import inspect
import io
import math
import operator
import os
import sys
import time
import unittest

import asynchronous


# noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
class TestConstructor:
    def instantiate(self, *args):
        parameters = len(inspect.signature(self.CLASS).parameters)
        return self.CLASS(*args[:parameters])

    def test_valid_timeout(self):
        instance = self.instantiate(None, print, (), {})
        self.assertEqual(instance.get_timeout(), math.inf)
        instance = self.instantiate(1, print, (), {})
        self.assertEqual(instance.get_timeout(), 1)
        float_timeout = (math.e ** (1j * math.pi) + 1).imag
        self.assertIsInstance(float_timeout, float)
        instance = self.instantiate(float_timeout, print, (), {})
        self.assertEqual(instance.get_timeout(), float_timeout)

    def test_error_timeout(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.instantiate, '60', print, (), {})
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.instantiate, 0, print, (), {})
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.instantiate, -1, print, (), {})


# noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
class TestTimeout(TestConstructor):
    def test_valid_property(self):
        instance = self.instantiate(None, None, None, None)
        instance.timeout = 1
        self.assertIsInstance(instance.timeout, int)
        instance.timeout = 1 / 2
        self.assertIsInstance(instance.timeout, float)
        kilo_bit = int.from_bytes(os.urandom(1 << 7), 'big')
        instance.timeout = kilo_bit
        self.assertEqual(instance.timeout, kilo_bit)

    def test_error_property(self):
        instance = self.instantiate(None, None, None, None)
        for exception, value in (
                (TypeError, 'inf'),
                (TypeError, complex(123456789, 0)),
                (ValueError, 0),
                (ValueError, 0.0),
                (ValueError, -1),
                (ValueError, -math.pi)
        ):
            with self.assertRaises(exception):
                instance.timeout = value
            self.assertEqual(instance.timeout, math.inf)


class Timer:
    __timers = {}

    @classmethod
    def start_timer(cls):
        ident, now = _thread.get_ident(), time.perf_counter()
        if now is not cls.__timers.setdefault(ident, now):
            raise KeyError(ident)

    @classmethod
    def stop_timer(cls, expected_time, error=None):
        if error is None:
            error = 1 / 4  # the default is a quarter second
        used = time.perf_counter() - cls.__timers.pop(_thread.get_ident())
        diff = used - expected_time
        return -error <= diff <= +error


# noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
class TestTimer(Timer):
    def stop_timer(self, expected_time, error=None):
        self.assertTrue(super().stop_timer(expected_time, error))


def delay_run(delay, fn, *args, sync=True, **kwargs):
    def wrapper():
        time.sleep(delay)
        return fn(*args, **kwargs)

    if sync:
        return wrapper()
    _thread.start_new_thread(wrapper, ())


# noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
class TestModuleOrInstance(TestTimer):
    @property
    def moi(self):
        return self.MODULE_OR_INSTANCE

    def test_valid_timeout(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(math.inf)
        self.assertEqual(self.moi.get_timeout(), math.inf)
        self.moi.set_timeout(60)
        self.assertEqual(self.moi.get_timeout(), 60)
        self.moi.set_timeout(0.05)
        self.assertEqual(self.moi.get_timeout(), 0.05)

    def test_error_timeout(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(math.inf)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.moi.set_timeout, None)
        self.assertEqual(self.moi.get_timeout(), math.inf)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.moi.set_timeout, 0)
        self.assertEqual(self.moi.get_timeout(), math.inf)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.moi.set_timeout, -1)
        self.assertEqual(self.moi.get_timeout(), math.inf)

    def run_submit_check(self):
        self.start_timer()
        future = self.moi.submit(delay_run, 0.5, operator.add, 1, 2)
        self.assertRegex(repr(future), r'^<_Future at \d+ state=RUNNING>$')
        self.assertEqual(future.result(), 3)
        self.stop_timer(0.5)
        self.assertRegex(
            repr(future),
            r'^<_Future at \d+ state=FINISHED returned int>$'
        )

    def test_submit_one_second_timeout(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(1)
        self.run_submit_check()

    def test_submit_no_timeout(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(math.inf)
        self.run_submit_check()

    def test_submit_short_timeout(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(0.5)
        self.start_timer()
        future = self.moi.submit(delay_run, 1, operator.add, 1, 2)
        self.assertRegex(repr(future), r'^<_Future at \d+ state=RUNNING>$')
        self.assertIsInstance(future.exception(), TimeoutError)
        self.stop_timer(0.5)
        self.assertRegex(
            repr(future),
            r'^<_Future at \d+ state=CANCELLED raised TimeoutError>$'
        )

    def run_map(self, *args):
        return getattr(self.moi, self.NAME_OF_MAP)(delay_run, *args)

    def test_valid_map(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(1.5)
        for result in self.run_map(
                [1, 1, 1, 1],
                [operator.add] * 4,
                [0, 1, 2, 3],
                [3, 2, 1, 0]
        ):
            self.assertEqual(result, 3)

    def test_error_map(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(1.5)
        success = 0
        with self.assertRaises(TimeoutError):
            for result in self.run_map(
                    [1, 1, 2, 1],
                    [operator.add] * 4,
                    [0, 1, 2, 3],
                    [3, 2, 1, 0]
            ):
                self.assertEqual(result, 3)
                success += 1
        self.assertEqual(success, 2)

    def run_shutdown_check(self, running, future):
        self.assertRaises(TimeoutError, future.result)
        running.remove(future)

    def run_submit_loop(self, executor):
        running = set()
        done_callback = functools.partial(self.run_shutdown_check, running)
        for _ in range(10):
            future = executor.submit(delay_run, 2, operator.add, 10, 20)
            running.add(future)
            future.add_done_callback(done_callback)
        time.sleep(0.5)
        return running

    def test_valid_shutdown(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(1.5)
        running = self.run_submit_loop(self.moi)
        self.moi.shutdown()
        self.assertFalse(running)

    def test_error_shutdown(self):
        self.moi.set_timeout(1.5)
        running = self.run_submit_loop(self.moi)
        running.pop()
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, self.moi.shutdown)
        self.assertFalse(running)


class TestExecutorAPI(TestTimeout, TestModuleOrInstance, unittest.TestCase):
    CLASS = asynchronous.Executor
    MODULE_OR_INSTANCE = CLASS()
    NAME_OF_MAP = 'map'

    def test_valid_context_manager(self):
        with self.instantiate(1.5) as executor:
            running = self.run_submit_loop(executor)
        self.assertFalse(running)

    def test_error_context_manager(self):
        error = Exception()
        with self.assertRaises(Exception) as cm:
            with self.instantiate(1.5) as executor:
                running = self.run_submit_loop(executor)
                raise error
        self.assertIs(cm.exception, error)
        self.assertFalse(running)
        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
            with self.instantiate(1.5) as executor:
                running = self.run_submit_loop(executor)
                running.pop()
        self.assertFalse(running)


class TestModuleAPI(TestModuleOrInstance, unittest.TestCase):
    MODULE_OR_INSTANCE = asynchronous
    NAME_OF_MAP = 'map_'


def verify_error():
    sys.stderr.seek(0, io.SEEK_SET)
    for line in sys.stderr:
        if line == 'queue.Full\n':
            break
    else:
        sys.stderr.seek(0, io.SEEK_SET)
        sys.__stderr__.write(sys.stderr.read())
        sys.__stderr__.flush()


def cause_error(obj):
    sys.stderr = io.StringIO()
    atexit.register(verify_error)
    inspect.currentframe().f_back.f_back.f_locals['queue'].put_nowait(obj)


def return_(obj):
    return obj


# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
def throw(exception, *args):
    raise exception


class TestFutureAPI(TestTimer, TestTimeout, unittest.TestCase):
    CLASS = asynchronous._Future

    def test_valid_representation(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        self.assertRegex(repr(future), r'^<_Future at \d+ state=PENDING>$')
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertRegex(repr(future), r'^<_Future at \d+ state=RUNNING>$')
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertRegex(
            repr(future),
            r'^<_Future at \d+ state=CANCELLED raised TimeoutError>$'
        )
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        time.sleep(0.5)
        self.assertRegex(
            repr(future),
            r'^<_Future at \d+ state=FINISHED raised TimeoutError>$'
        )
        self.assertIs(future.exception(), None)
        self.assertRegex(
            repr(future),
            r'^<_Future at \d+ state=FINISHED returned NoneType>$'
        )

    def test_error_representation(self):
        future = self.instantiate(0.5, cause_error, (None,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, future.result)
        self.assertIsInstance(future.exception(), TimeoutError)
        self.assertRegex(
            repr(future),
            r'^<_Future at \d+ state=ERROR raised TimeoutError>$'
        )
        future = self.instantiate(0.5, cause_error, ((False, 'okay'),), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertEqual(future.result(), 'okay')
        self.assertRegex(
            repr(future),
            r'^<_Future at \d+ state=ERROR returned str>$'
        )

    def test_cancel(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, future.cancel)
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        future.cancel()
        self.assertTrue(future.cancelled())
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        checker = set()
        future.add_done_callback(checker.add)
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        future.cancel()
        future.cancel()
        self.assertIs(checker.pop(), future)
        self.assertFalse(checker)

    def test_cancelled(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        self.assertFalse(future.cancelled())
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertFalse(future.cancelled())
        self.assertIs(future.result(), None)
        self.assertFalse(future.cancelled())
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        future.cancel()
        self.assertTrue(future.cancelled())
        future = self.instantiate(0.1, time.sleep, (1,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        time.sleep(0.5)
        self.assertTrue(future.cancelled())

    def test_running(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        self.assertFalse(future.running())
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertTrue(future.running())
        self.assertIs(future.result(), None)
        self.assertFalse(future.running())
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        future.cancel()
        self.assertFalse(future.running())
        future = self.instantiate(0.1, time.sleep, (1,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        time.sleep(0.5)
        self.assertFalse(future.running())

    def test_done(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        self.assertFalse(future.done())
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertFalse(future.done())
        self.assertIs(future.result(), None)
        self.assertTrue(future.done())
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (None,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIsInstance(future.exception(), TypeError)
        self.assertTrue(future.done())

    def test_result_immediate(self):
        data = os.urandom(1 << 20)
        future = self.instantiate(None, return_, (data,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertEqual(future.result(), data)
        test_exception = Exception('test')
        future = self.instantiate(None, throw, (test_exception,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        with self.assertRaises(Exception) as cm:
            future.result()
        self.assertIsInstance(cm.exception, type(test_exception))
        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.args, test_exception.args)

    def test_result_delay(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, delay_run, (0, operator.add, 1, 2), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertEqual(future.result(), 3)
        self.stop_timer(0.1)
        future = self.instantiate(None, delay_run, (1, operator.add, 2, 3), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertEqual(future.result(), 5)
        self.stop_timer(1)
        future = self.instantiate(0.5, delay_run, (0, operator.add, 1, 2), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertEqual(future.result(), 3)
        self.stop_timer(0.1)
        future = self.instantiate(0.5, delay_run, (1, operator.add, 2, 3), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertRaises(TimeoutError, future.result)
        self.stop_timer(0.5)

    def test_result_before_running(self):
        future = self.instantiate(0.1, delay_run, (0, operator.add, 1, 2), {})
        delay_run(0.5, future._set_running_or_notify_cancel, sync=False)
        self.start_timer()
        self.assertEqual(future.result(), 3)
        self.stop_timer(0.5)

    def test_exception_immediate(self):
        data = os.urandom(1 << 20)
        future = self.instantiate(None, return_, (data,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIs(future.exception(), None)
        test_exception = Exception('test')
        future = self.instantiate(None, throw, (test_exception,), {})
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIsInstance(future.exception(), type(test_exception))
        self.assertEqual(future.exception().args, test_exception.args)

    def test_exception_delay(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, delay_run, (0, operator.add, 1, 2), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIs(future.exception(), None)
        self.stop_timer(0.1)
        future = self.instantiate(None, delay_run, (1, operator.add, 2, 3), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIs(future.exception(), None)
        self.stop_timer(1)
        future = self.instantiate(0.5, delay_run, (0, operator.add, 1, 2), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIs(future.exception(), None)
        self.stop_timer(0.1)
        future = self.instantiate(0.5, delay_run, (1, operator.add, 2, 3), {})
        self.start_timer()
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIsInstance(future.exception(), TimeoutError)
        self.assertFalse(future.exception().args)
        self.stop_timer(0.5)

    def test_exception_before_running(self):
        future = self.instantiate(0.1, delay_run, (0, operator.add, 1, 2), {})
        delay_run(0.5, future._set_running_or_notify_cancel, sync=False)
        self.start_timer()
        self.assertIs(future.exception(), None)
        self.stop_timer(0.5)

    def test_valid_add_done_callback(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0,), {})
        requires_callback = {future}
        future.add_done_callback(requires_callback.remove)
        self.assertIn(future, requires_callback)
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertIs(future.exception(), None)
        self.assertFalse(requires_callback)
        requires_callback.add(future)
        future.add_done_callback(requires_callback.remove)
        self.assertFalse(requires_callback)

    def test_error_add_done_callback(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0,), {})
        requires_callback = [{future} for _ in range(10)]
        callbacks = [s.remove for s in requires_callback]
        error = Exception()
        callbacks.insert(5, functools.partial(throw, error))
        for fn in callbacks:
            future.add_done_callback(fn)
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        with self.assertRaises(Exception) as cm:
            future.exception()
        self.assertIs(cm.exception, error)
        self.assertFalse(any(requires_callback))

    def test_set_running_or_notify_cancel(self):
        future = self.instantiate(None, time.sleep, (0.1,), {})
        self.assertFalse(future.running() or future.done())
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertTrue(future.running())
        future._set_running_or_notify_cancel()
        self.assertTrue(future.cancelled())


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

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