通用接口/抽象类的向下转换失败

Question

我有两个类——Expert 和 Farmer，它们都有一些共同的特征，因此实现了一个抽象类 User。 User 实现了一个接口 IUser。在我的应用程序中，最初填写了公共字段，但随后用户指出他们是否是专家/农民。

此时，我想将当前对象转换为 Expert 或 Farmer 以填充各个独特的字段。我目前的方法是声明IUser user = new Farmer();，然后尝试在适当的时间进行适当的转换：Farmer farmer = user as Farmer 或Expert expert = user as Expert。但是，转换为 Expert 总是失败，尽管它们都实现了相同的接口和抽象类。

1. 为什么这个演员会失败？
2. 使用继承巧妙地解决此问题的正确方法是什么？显然，可以创建在User 抽象类中定义的函数createUser() 或createFarmer()，或者只是实例化一个User 和一个Farmer 并在两者中填充初始字段，在拆分时采用所需的任何实例，但这些都不是特别优雅。

专家定义：

public partial class Expert : User
    {

        public override Guid Id { get; set; }
        [StringLength(200)]
        public override string Name { get; set; }
        [Key]
        [StringLength(10)]
        public override string phone { get; set; }
        [StringLength(50)]
        public override string state { get; set; }
        [StringLength(50)]
        public override string district { get; set; }
        [StringLength(6)]
        public override string PIN { get; set; }
        public override double geolat { get; set; }
        public override double geolong { get; set; }
        public override int v { get; set; }
        public override int h { get; set; }
        public override string AzureImageURL { get; set; }

        //IParty properties
        public override string ServiceUrl { get; set; }
        public override string ChannelId { get; set; }
        public override string PartyChannelAccountId { get; set; }
        public override string PartyChannelAccountName { get; set; }
        public override string BotChannelAccountId { get; set; }
        public override string BotChannelAccountName { get; set; }
        public override string ConversationAccountId { get; set; }
        public override string ConversationAccountName { get; set; }


        //Expert specific properties
        public double price { get; set; }
        public int totalRating { get; set; }
        public int numberOfRating { get; set; }
        public string description { get; set; }
        public string languages { get; set; }
        double _sortIndex = double.Nan
    }

农民的定义：

public partial class Farmer : User, IVisualizable
    {
        //User override fields
        [Key]
        public override Guid Id { get; set; }
        [StringLength(200)]
        public override string Name { get; set; }
        [StringLength(10)]
        public override string phone { get; set; }
        [StringLength(50)]
        public override string state { get; set; }
        [StringLength(50)]
        public override string district { get; set; }
        [StringLength(6)]
        public override string PIN { get; set; }
        public override double geolat { get; set; }
        public override double geolong { get; set; }
        public override int v { get; set; }
        public override int h { get; set; }
        public override string AzureImageURL { get; set; }

        //IParty properties
        public override string ServiceUrl { get; set; }
        public override string ChannelId { get; set; }
        public override string PartyChannelAccountId { get; set; }
        public override string PartyChannelAccountName { get; set; }
        public override string BotChannelAccountId { get; set; }
        public override string BotChannelAccountName { get; set; }
        public override string ConversationAccountId { get; set; }
        public override string ConversationAccountName { get; set; }

        //Farmer specific properties
        [StringLength(12)]
        public string AadhaarNum { get; set; }
        public int cropId { get; set; }
        [StringLength(1)]
        public string acreage { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructor calling base - sets Guid of farmer
        /// </summary>
        public Farmer() : base()
        {

        }

    }

用户定义：

public abstract class User : IUser
    {
        public abstract Guid Id { get; set; }
        public abstract string Name { get; set; }
        public abstract string phone { get; set; }
        public abstract string state { get; set; }
        public abstract string district { get; set; }
        public abstract string PIN { get; set; }
        public abstract double geolat { get; set; }
        public abstract double geolong { get; set; }
        public abstract int v { get; set; }
        public abstract int h { get; set; }
        public abstract string AzureImageURL { get; set; }
        public abstract string ServiceUrl { get; set; }
        public abstract string ChannelId { get; set; }
        public abstract string PartyChannelAccountId { get; set; }
        public abstract string PartyChannelAccountName { get; set; }
        public abstract string BotChannelAccountId { get; set; }
        public abstract string BotChannelAccountName { get; set; }
        public abstract string ConversationAccountId { get; set; }
        public abstract string ConversationAccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new User with a new Guid already set.
        /// </summary>
        public User()
        {
            Id = Guid.NewGuid();
        }

    }

IUser的定义：

public interface IUser : IParty
    {
        Guid Id { get; set; }
        string Name { get; set; }
        string state { get; set; }
        string district { get; set; }
        string PIN { get; set; }
        double geolat { get; set; }
        double geolong { get; set; }
        int v { get; set; }
        int h { get; set; }
        string AzureImageURL { get; set; }

    }

谢谢！

Answer 1

您希望农民如何成为专家？即使如果它们实现了相同的通用接口，它们也是完全不同的。特别是您的班级有一些不常见的成员：

class Expert
{
    public string languages { get; set; }
}
class Farmer
{
    public string AadhaarNum { get; set; }
}

应该如何将languages 转换为AadhaarNum？。那是不可能的，因此没有自动演员表。您必须创建一些自己的演员表或转换，例如

var farmer = new Farmer(expert);

这假设您在两个类中都有一个复制构造函数：

class Farmer
{
    public Farmer(IUser user)
    {
        this.Name = user.Name;
        ...
        // also set the members that exist only on farmer
    }
}

以及相应的Expert-class。

您也可以在抽象基类中引入一些工厂方法。然而，这有一个缺点，即您的基类需要知道所有可能的子类型。因此，引入新的子类会导致更改基类。