将类实例引用传递给 Python 中类定义中调用的函数

Question

我正在尝试制作一个基本的纸牌游戏，为了跟踪轮到谁，我决定制作一个游戏类，每个实例都是一个单独的游戏。然后当游戏实例被初始化时，它也会初始化玩家对象和套牌和卡片对象，并将它们绑定到该游戏对象。为此，我尝试将游戏对象“self”传递给初始化其他对象的函数，以便它们可以引用回游戏对象。

这没有奏效。 编辑：错误是 NameError：未定义全局名称“游戏”

这个想法是完全不可能/不道德/有史以来最糟糕的事情，还是实现我的目标的完全可行的方式，但我只是错误地实施它？

整个代码都在最后，但是一个精简的版本有望说明场景——或者至少足以回答核心问题——以一种不太复杂的方式：

from collections import deque
from random import shuffle

DECK = {"value_range": (1, 6),
    "black_multiple": 2,
    "red_multiple": 2,
    "dead": 12}

class Game:
    """A game instance."""
    def __init__(self, deck=DECK):
        self.deck = Deck(self, **deck)
        self.deck.shuffle()   

class Deck:
    def __init__(self, game, value_range, black_multiple, red_multiple, dead):
        self.deck = deque()
        for value in range(*value_range):
            for i in range(black_multiple):
                self.deck.append(Card(game, value, "Black"))
            for i in range(red_multiple):
                self.deck.append(Card(game, value, "Red"))
        for i in range(dead):
            self.deck.append(Card(game))
    def shuffle(self):
        shuffle(self.deck)
    def draw(self):
        return self.deck.popleft()

这里是完整的（未完成的）代码，如果信息不够的话：

from collections import deque
from random import shuffle

DECK = {"value_range": (1, 6),
        "black_multiple": 2,
        "red_multiple": 2,
        "dead": 12}

class Game:
    """A game instance."""
    def __init__(self, player_names=["Simon", "Will"], start_cards=2,
                 deck=DECK):
        self.deck = Deck(self, **deck)
        self.deck.shuffle()
        self.players = deque()
        for name in player_names:
            self.players.append(Player(self, name))
        for player in self.players:
            player.draw(start_cards)
    def lose(self, player):
#        print(player.name + "loses.")
        pass
    def new_turn(self):
        self.players.rotate(-1)
    def get_active(self):
        return self.players[0]
    def get_passive(self):
        return list(self.players)[1:]

class Card:
    """A card instance.

    Black cards get an extra method! Dead cards have value and colour False."""
    def __init__(self, game, value=False, colour=False):
        self.value = value
        self.colour = colour
        def get_value(self):
            return self.value
        def get_colour(self):
            return self.colour
        if self.colour == "Black":
            def action(self, target):
                active = game.get_active()
                responders = game.get_passive()
                for responder in responders:
                    if responder.respond(self.value) == False:
                        continue
                    else:
                        if target == active:
                            target = responder
                        else:
                            target = active
                        break
                target.draw(self.value)

class Player:
    def __init__(self, game, name):
        self.name = name
        self.hand = {}
    def draw(self, value):
        for i in range(value):
            try:
                draw_card = game.deck.draw()
            except IndexError:
                game.lose(self)
                break
            else:
                self.hand.append(draw_card)
                continue
    def get_hand(self):
        return self.hand

class Deck:
    def __init__(self, game, value_range, black_multiple, red_multiple, dead):
        self.deck = deque()
        for value in range(*value_range):
            for i in range(black_multiple):
                self.deck.append(Card(game, value, "Black"))
            for i in range(red_multiple):
                self.deck.append(Card(game, value, "Red"))
        for i in range(dead):
            self.deck.append(Card(game))
    def shuffle(self):
        shuffle(self.deck)
    def draw(self):
        return self.deck.popleft()

感谢您抽出宝贵时间阅读本文！我之前没有做过太多正式的编码培训/练习，所以我试图通过反复试验/PyDocs 来学习 Python。

Answer 1

你正在做的应该没问题。在Deck 和Player 的__init__ 方法中，您应该存储对game 的引用

def __init__(self, game, *args):
    self.game = game

你现在没有这样做，所以我不知道你以后会如何引用这个游戏。

例如，在播放器的draw 方法中，您执行game.lose()。在 __init__ 方法中将它分配给 self 之后，它必须是 self.game.lose()。