如何在 Python 中轻松获取本地网络的 IP 地址或主机名列表？
最好是多平台的，但需要先在 Mac OS X 上运行，然后其他的。
编辑：本地是指本地网络中的所有活动地址，例如192.168.xxx.xxx。
因此，如果我的计算机（在本地网络中）的 IP 地址是 192.168.1.1，并且我连接了另外三台计算机，我希望它返回 IP 地址 192.168.1.2、192.168.1.3、@987654325 @，可能还有他们的主机名。
【问题讨论】：
标签： python networking
如果“本地”是指在同一网段上，则必须执行以下步骤：
或者您可以让 Python 在外部执行 nmap 并将结果通过管道传回您的程序。
【讨论】：
更新：脚本现在位于github。
我写了一个small python script，它利用了scapy 的arping()。
【讨论】：
如果您知道可以使用的计算机名称：
import socket
IP1 = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()) # local IP adress of your computer
IP2 = socket.gethostbyname('name_of_your_computer') # IP adress of remote computer
否则，您将不得不扫描与本地计算机 (IP1) 具有相同掩码的所有 IP 地址，如另一个答案中所述。
【讨论】：
我从其他一些线程中收集了以下功能，它适用于我在 Ubuntu 中。
import os
import socket
import multiprocessing
import subprocess
import os
def pinger(job_q, results_q):
"""
Do Ping
:param job_q:
:param results_q:
:return:
"""
DEVNULL = open(os.devnull, 'w')
while True:
ip = job_q.get()
if ip is None:
break
try:
subprocess.check_call(['ping', '-c1', ip],
stdout=DEVNULL)
results_q.put(ip)
except:
pass
def get_my_ip():
"""
Find my IP address
:return:
"""
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
s.connect(("8.8.8.8", 80))
ip = s.getsockname()[0]
s.close()
return ip
def map_network(pool_size=255):
"""
Maps the network
:param pool_size: amount of parallel ping processes
:return: list of valid ip addresses
"""
ip_list = list()
# get my IP and compose a base like 192.168.1.xxx
ip_parts = get_my_ip().split('.')
base_ip = ip_parts[0] + '.' + ip_parts[1] + '.' + ip_parts[2] + '.'
# prepare the jobs queue
jobs = multiprocessing.Queue()
results = multiprocessing.Queue()
pool = [multiprocessing.Process(target=pinger, args=(jobs, results)) for i in range(pool_size)]
for p in pool:
p.start()
# cue hte ping processes
for i in range(1, 255):
jobs.put(base_ip + '{0}'.format(i))
for p in pool:
jobs.put(None)
for p in pool:
p.join()
# collect he results
while not results.empty():
ip = results.get()
ip_list.append(ip)
return ip_list
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('Mapping...')
lst = map_network()
print(lst)
【讨论】：
pinger() 中写着DEVNULL = open(os.devnull, 'w') 的那一行是什么？你不应该在函数结束时关闭os.devnull 以防止内存泄漏吗？
对于 OSX（和 Linux），一个简单的解决方案是使用 os.popen 或 os.system 并运行 arp -a 命令。
例如：
devices = []
for device in os.popen('arp -a'): devices.append(device)
这将为您提供本地网络上的设备列表。
【讨论】：
我找到了这个network scanner in python article 并写了这个短代码。它做你想做的！但是，您确实需要知道设备的可访问端口。端口 22 是 ssh 标准和我正在使用的。我想你可以遍历所有端口。一些默认值是：
linux: [20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 80, 111, 443, 445, 631, 993, 995]
windows: [135, 137, 138, 139, 445]
mac: [22, 445, 548, 631]
import socket
def connect(hostname, port):
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
socket.setdefaulttimeout(1)
result = sock.connect_ex((hostname, port))
sock.close()
return result == 0
for i in range(0,255):
res = connect("192.168.1."+str(i), 22)
if res:
print("Device found at: ", "192.168.1."+str(i) + ":"+str(22))
编辑 by TheLizzard：
使用上面的代码并添加线程：
from threading import Thread, Lock
from time import perf_counter
from sys import stderr
from time import sleep
import socket
# I changed this from "192.168.1.%i" to "192.168.0.%i"
BASE_IP = "192.168.0.%i"
PORT = 80
class Threader:
"""
This is a class that calls a list of functions in a limited number of
threads. It uses locks to make sure the data is thread safe.
Usage:
from time import sleep
def function(i):
sleep(2)
with threader.print_lock:
print(i)
threader = Threader(10) # The maximum number of threads = 10
for i in range(20):
threader.append(function, i)
threader.start()
threader.join()
This class also provides a lock called: `<Threader>.print_lock`
"""
def __init__(self, threads=30):
self.thread_lock = Lock()
self.functions_lock = Lock()
self.functions = []
self.threads = []
self.nthreads = threads
self.running = True
self.print_lock = Lock()
def stop(self) -> None:
# Signal all worker threads to stop
self.running = False
def append(self, function, *args) -> None:
# Add the function to a list of functions to be run
self.functions.append((function, args))
def start(self) -> None:
# Create a limited number of threads
for i in range(self.nthreads):
thread = Thread(target=self.worker, daemon=True)
# We need to pass in `thread` as a parameter so we
# have to use `<threading.Thread>._args` like this:
thread._args = (thread, )
self.threads.append(thread)
thread.start()
def join(self) -> None:
# Joins the threads one by one until all of them are done.
for thread in self.threads:
thread.join()
def worker(self, thread:Thread) -> None:
# While we are running and there are functions to call:
while self.running and (len(self.functions) > 0):
# Get a function
with self.functions_lock:
function, args = self.functions.pop(0)
# Call that function
function(*args)
# Remove the thread from the list of threads.
# This may cause issues if the user calls `<Threader>.join()`
# But I haven't seen this problem while testing/using it.
with self.thread_lock:
self.threads.remove(thread)
start = perf_counter()
# I didn't need a timeout of 1 so I used 0.1
socket.setdefaulttimeout(0.1)
def connect(hostname, port):
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as sock:
result = sock.connect_ex((hostname, port))
with threader.print_lock:
if result == 0:
stderr.write(f"[{perf_counter() - start:.5f}] Found {hostname}\n")
threader = Threader(10)
for i in range(255):
threader.append(connect, BASE_IP%i, PORT)
threader.start()
threader.join()
print(f"[{perf_counter() - start:.5f}] Done searching")
input("Press enter to exit.\n? ")
【讨论】：
试试：
import socket
print ([ip for ip in socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2] if not ip.startswith("127.")][:1])
【讨论】：
socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())的索引1处的数组吗？我不明白为什么它是空的。
我已经完成了以下代码来获取 MAC 已知设备的 IP。这可以进行相应的修改，以通过一些字符串操作获得所有 IP。希望这会对你有所帮助。
#running windows cmd line statement and put output into a string
cmd_out = os.popen("arp -a").read()
line_arr = cmd_out.split('\n')
line_count = len(line_arr)
#search in all lines for ip
for i in range(0, line_count):
y = line_arr[i]
z = y.find(mac_address)
#if mac address is found then get the ip using regex matching
if z > 0:
ip_out= re.search('[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+', y, re.M | re.I)
【讨论】：
我刚刚遇到了问题。我是这样解决的：
import kthread #pip install kthread
from time import sleep
import subprocess
def getips():
ipadressen = {}
def ping(ipadresse):
try:
outputcap = subprocess.run([f'ping', ipadresse, '-n', '1'], capture_output=True) #sends only one package, faster
ipadressen[ipadresse] = outputcap
except Exception as Fehler:
print(Fehler)
t = [kthread.KThread(target = ping, name = f"ipgetter{ipend}", args=(f'192.168.0.{ipend}',)) for ipend in range(255)] #prepares threads
[kk.start() for kk in t] #starts 255 threads
while len(ipadressen) < 255:
print('Searching network')
sleep(.3)
alldevices = []
for key, item in ipadressen.items():
if not 'unreachable' in item.stdout.decode('utf-8') and 'failure' not in item.stdout.decode('utf-8'): #checks if there wasn't neither general failure nor 'unrechable host'
alldevices.append(key)
return alldevices
allips = getips() #takes 1.5 seconds on my pc
【讨论】：
this question 中的一个答案可能会对您有所帮助。 python 似乎有一个与平台无关的版本，但我还没有尝试过。
【讨论】：
这里有一个小工具scanip，可以帮助你获取网络中所有的ip地址和对应的mac地址（适用于Linux）。
【讨论】：