正则表达式性能：Alternation vs Trie [重复]

Question

对于 Google Prettify 语法高亮器 for the Wolfram Language，我需要将所有标识符与大约 7000 个内置函数名称的大列表进行匹配，以将它们作为关键字高亮显示。过去，我只是使用由many alternations 组成的正则表达式。举个具体的例子，下面是所有以Plot开头的函数：

(:?Plot|Plot3D|Plot3Matrix|PlotDivision|PlotJoined|PlotLabel|PlotLabels|PlotLayout|PlotLegends|PlotMarkers|PlotPoints|PlotRange|PlotRangeClipping|PlotRangeClipPlanesStyle|PlotRangePadding|PlotRegion|PlotStyle|PlotTheme)

理论上，这是一个糟糕的选择，因为需要对每个备选关键字重复进行子匹配。可以做的是构建一个Trie (or prefix tree) 并从中构建一个正则表达式。如果前缀不正确，这将跳过整个所有子匹配。对于上面的话，应该是这样的

(:?Plot(?:3(?:D|Matrix)|Division|Joined|L(?:a(?:bel(?:s)?|yout)|egends)|Markers|Points|R(?:ange(?:Clip(?:PlanesStyle|ping)|Padding)?|egion)|Style|Theme)?)

虽然这看起来有点乱，但想法很简单：它测试前缀Plot，如果不匹配，则不需要进一步测试。如果匹配，则跳转到内部表达式并测试下一个前缀，直到它完全匹配或不匹配。

我已经为所有 7000 个与自己匹配的关键字和 7000 个字典单词作为否定示例 with Kotlin 计时了正则表达式。 Trie 实现需要 78 毫秒，而交替正则表达式需要 523 毫秒。这是我预期的巨大改进。

但是，在 JavaScript 中，Trie 实现似乎有点慢。为了进行分析，我设置了 2 个网页，它们使用两种不同的方法调用美化引擎。 Here 是 Trie 实现，here 是替代实现。然后我使用 Chrome 开发工具对此进行了分析，但我对 JS 并不是特别有经验。

问题：

1. 谁能解释一下，为什么 Trie 正则表达式在 (a) 正则表达式本身较小（尽管嵌套严重）和 (b) 正则表达式理论上在匹配时会产生许多快捷方式时显得较慢?
2. 考虑到两个测试站点，甚至是纯正则表达式here 和here，有人能告诉我如何正确地分析这个吗？关键字和 dict-words 列表可在here 获得。

Answer 1

工具：Strings To Regex - Ternary Tree

---

namedCharacters（格式为https://pastebin.com/HPJRGxuf）

Regex1:   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Options:  < none >
Completed iterations:   1  /  1     ( x 1 )
Matches found per iteration:   1013
Elapsed Time:    0.00 s,   1.42 ms,   1420 µs
Matches per sec:   713,380


Regex2:   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illedSquare|EmptySquare|FilledVerySmallSquare|EmptyVerySmallSquare|FilledRectangle|EmptyRectangle|FilledUpTriangle|EmptyUpTriangle|UpPointer|FilledRightTriangle|RightPointer|FilledDownTriangle|EmptyDownTriangle|DownPointer|FilledLeftTriangle|LeftPointer|FilledDiamond|EmptyDiamond|EmptyCircle|FilledCircle|EmptySmallCircle|EmptySmallSquare|FilledSmallSquare|FivePointedStar|Sun|CheckmarkedBox|CheckedBox|SadSmiley|HappySmiley|Moon|Mercury|Venus|Mars|Jupiter|Saturn|Neptune|Pluto|AriesSign|TaurusSign|GeminiSign|CancerSign|LeoSign|VirgoSign|LibraSign|ScorpioSign|SagittariusSign|CapricornSign|AquariusSign|PiscesSign|WhiteKing|WhiteQueen|WhiteRook|WhiteBishop|WhiteKnight|WhitePawn|BlackKing|BlackQueen|BlackRook|BlackBishop|BlackKnight|BlackPawn|SpadeSuit|HeartSuit|DiamondSuit|ClubSuit|QuarterNote|EighthNote|BeamedEighthNote|BeamedSixteenthNote|Flat|Natural|Sharp|Uranus|Checkmark|SixPointedStar|Perpendicular|LongLeftArrow|LongRightArrow|LongLeftRightArrow|DoubleLongLeftArrow|DoubleLongRightArrow|DoubleLongLeftRightArrow|UpArrowBar|DownArrowBar|LeftRightVector|RightUpDownVector|DownLeftRightVector|LeftUpDownVector|LeftVectorBar|RightVectorBar|RightUpVectorBar|RightDownVectorBar|DownLeftVectorBar|DownRightVectorBar|LeftUpVectorBar|LeftDownVectorBar|LeftTeeVector|RightTeeVector|RightUpTeeVector|RightDownTeeVector|DownLeftTeeVector|DownRightTeeVector|LeftUpTeeVector|LeftDownTeeVector|UpEquilibrium|ReverseUpEquilibrium|RoundImplies|LeftTriangleBar|RightTriangleBar|Equivalent|LessSlantEqual|GreaterSlantEqual|NestedLessLess|NestedGreaterGreater|PrecedesEqual|SucceedsEqual|DoubleLeftTee|LeftDoubleBracket|RightDoubleBracket|LeftAssociation|RightAssociation|Shah|WolframLanguageLogo|WolframLanguageLogoCircle|TwoWayRule|FreeformPrompt|WolframAlphaPrompt|InvisibleSpace|Piecewise|NegativeVeryThinSpace|NegativeThinSpace|NegativeMediumSpace|NegativeThickSpace|ImplicitPlus|Null|IndentingNewLine|AutoPlaceholder|AutoLeftMatch|AutoRightMatch|AutoSpace|AutoOperand|SystemsModelDelay|Continuation|RoundSpaceIndicator|InvisiblePrefixScriptBase|InvisiblePostfixScriptBase|EntityStart|EntityEnd|SpanFromLeft|SpanFromAbove|SpanFromBoth|PageBreakAbove|PageBreakBelow|DiscretionaryPageBreakAbove|DiscretionaryPageBreakBelow|Transpose|Conjugate|ConjugateTranspose|StepperRight|StepperLeft|StepperUp|StepperDown|HermitianConjugate|VerticalBar|NotVerticalBar|Distributed|Conditioned|UndirectedEdge|DirectedEdge|Gradient|Divergence|Curl|ContinuedFractionK|TensorProduct|TensorWedge|ProbabilityPr|ExpectationE|PermutationProduct|Earth|NotEqualTilde|NotHumpEqual|NotHumpDownHump|NotLeftTriangleBar|NotRightTriangleBar|NotLessLess|NotNestedLessLess|NotLessSlantEqual|NotGreaterGreater|NotNestedGreaterGreater|NotGreaterSlantEqual|NotPrecedesEqual|NotSucceedsEqual|NotSquareSubset|NotSquareSuperset|Equal|VerticalSeparator|VectorGreater|VectorGreaterEqual|VectorLess|VectorLessEqual|Limit|MaxLimit|MinLimit|Cross|Function|Xnor|DiscreteShift|DifferenceDelta|DiscreteRatio|InlinePart|RuleDelayed|Square|Rule|Implies|ShortRightArrow|ShortLeftArrow|SelectionPlaceholder|Placeholder|ShortUpArrow|ShortDownArrow|LeftBracketingBar|RightBracketingBar|LeftDoubleBracketingBar|RightDoubleBracketingBar|ScriptA|ScriptB|ScriptC|ScriptD|ScriptF|ScriptH|ScriptI|ScriptJ|ScriptK|ScriptM|ScriptN|ScriptP|ScriptQ|ScriptR|ScriptS|ScriptT|ScriptU|ScriptV|ScriptW|ScriptX|ScriptY|ScriptZ|GothicA|GothicB|GothicC|GothicD|GothicE|GothicF|GothicG|GothicH|GothicI|GothicJ|GothicK|GothicL|GothicM|GothicN|GothicO|GothicP|GothicQ|GothicR|GothicS|GothicT|GothicU|GothicV|GothicW|GothicX|GothicY|GothicZ|DoubleStruckA|DoubleStruckB|DoubleStruckC|DoubleStruckD|DoubleStruckE|DoubleStruckF|DoubleStruckG|DoubleStruckH|DoubleStruckI|DoubleStruckJ|DoubleStruckK|DoubleStruckL|DoubleStruckM|DoubleStruckN|DoubleStruckO|DoubleStruckP|DoubleStruckQ|DoubleStruckR|DoubleStruckS|DoubleStruckT|DoubleStruckU|DoubleStruckV|DoubleStruckW|DoubleStruckX|DoubleStruckY|DoubleStruckZ|DotlessJ|Wolf|FreakedSmiley|NeutralSmiley|LightBulb|NumberSign|WarningSign|Villa|Akuz|Andy|Spooky|ScriptDotlessI|ScriptDotlessJ|DoubledPi|DoubledGamma|CapitalDifferentialD|DifferentialD|ExponentialE|ImaginaryI|ImaginaryJ|FilledSmallCircle|DottedSquare|GraySquare|GrayCircle|LetterSpace|DownBreve|KernelIcon|MathematicaIcon|TripleDot|SystemEnterKey|AlignmentMarker|LeftSkeleton|RightSkeleton|ControlKey|AliasDelimiter|InvisibleComma|ReturnKey|ErrorIndicator|AliasIndicator|EscapeKey|CommandKey|LeftModified|RightModified|InvisibleApplication|DiscretionaryLineSeparator|DiscretionaryParagraphSeparator|ScriptCapitalA|ScriptCapitalC|ScriptCapitalD|ScriptCapitalG|ScriptCapitalJ|ScriptCapitalK|ScriptCapitalN|ScriptCapitalO|ScriptCapitalP|ScriptCapitalQ|ScriptCapitalS|ScriptCapitalT|ScriptCapitalU|ScriptCapitalV|ScriptCapitalW|ScriptCapitalX|ScriptCapitalY|ScriptCapitalZ|GothicCapitalA|GothicCapitalB|GothicCapitalD|GothicCapitalE|GothicCapitalF|GothicCapitalG|GothicCapitalJ|GothicCapitalK|GothicCapitalL|GothicCapitalM|GothicCapitalN|GothicCapitalO|GothicCapitalP|GothicC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Options:  < none >
Completed iterations:   1  /  1     ( x 1 )
Matches found per iteration:   1013
Elapsed Time:    0.01 s,   11.79 ms,   11787 µs
Matches per sec:   85,942