为外键字段创建 post_save 信号

Question

我有一个档案模型，其中包含经验和教育作为外键领域。 当我访问配置文件模板时，它会抛出。

我试过 post_save，

def create_education(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
    if created:
        Profile.objects.create(education=instance)

    post_save.connect(create_education, sender=CustomUser)

它会抛出这个错误，

如何定义 post_save 信号，以便在创建个人资料时创建经验和教育？

注意：我仔细检查了错误是因为外部字段为空，即我在 django admin 中添加经验和教育字段时没有错误。

models.py

class Work_Experience(models.Model):
    job_title       = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
    company         = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
    description     = models.CharField(max_length=300, null=True, blank=True)
    exp_start_date  = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    exp_end_date    = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)


class Education(models.Model):
    degree      = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
    school      = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
    edu_start_date  = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    edu_end_date    = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)

class Profile(models.Model):    
    experience    = models.ForeignKey(Work_Experience, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
    education     = models.ForeignKey(Education, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)

forms.py

class ProfileSettingsForm(forms.ModelForm):
    job_title      = forms.CharField(max_length=40, required=False)
    company        = forms.CharField(max_length=40, required=False)
    description    = forms.CharField(max_length=40, required=False)
    exp_start_date = forms.DateField(required=False)
    exp_end_date   = forms.DateField(required=False)

    degree         = forms.CharField(max_length=40, required=False)
    school         = forms.CharField(max_length=40, required=False)
    edu_start_date = forms.DateField(required=False, input_formats=settings.DATE_INPUT_FORMATS)
    edu_end_date   = forms.DateField(required=False, input_formats=settings.DATE_INPUT_FORMATS)

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = kwargs.get('instance', None)

        super(ProfileSettingsForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.fields['job_title'].initial = self.instance.experience.job_title
        self.fields['company'].initial = self.instance.experience.company
        self.fields['description'].initial = self.instance.experience.description
        self.fields['exp_start_date'].initial = self.instance.experience.exp_start_date
        self.fields['exp_end_date'].initial = self.instance.experience.exp_end_date

        self.fields['degree'].initial = self.instance.education.degree
        self.fields['school'].initial = self.instance.education.school
        self.fields['edu_start_date'].initial = self.instance.education.edu_start_date
        self.fields['edu_end_date'].initial = self.instance.education.edu_end_date

    def save(self, commit=True):
        model = super(ProfileSettingsForm, self).save(commit=False)
        jt = self.cleaned_data['job_title']
        co = self.cleaned_data['company']
        desc = self.cleaned_data['description']
        esd = self.cleaned_data['exp_start_date']
        eed = self.cleaned_data['exp_end_date']

        degree = self.cleaned_data['degree']
        school = self.cleaned_data['school']
        edusd = self.cleaned_data['edu_start_date']
        edued = self.cleaned_data['edu_end_date']


        if model.experience:
            model.experience.job_title = jt
            model.experience.company = co
            model.experience.description = desc
            model.experience.exp_start_date = esd
            model.experience.exp_end_date = eed
            model.experience.save()
        else:
            model.experience = Work_Experience.objects.create(job_title=jt,
                                                              company=co,
                                                              description=desc,
                                                              exp_start_date=esd,
                                                              exp_end_date=eed)

        if model.education:
            model.education.degree = degree
            model.education.school = school
            model.education.edu_start_date = edusd
            model.education.edu_end_date = edued
            model.education.save()
        else:
            model.education = Education.objects.create(degree=degree,
                                                       school=school,
                                                       edu_start_date=edusd,
                                                       edu_end_date=edued)
        if commit:
            model.save()

        return model

Views.py

class ProfileSettingsView(UpdateView):
    model = Profile
    form_class = ProfileSettingsForm
    pk_url_kwarg = 'pk'
    context_object_name = 'object'
    template_name = 'profile_settings.html'

    def get_success_url(self):
          return reverse_lazy('users:profile_settings', args = (self.object.id,))

更新

如果我删除表单中的 init() 方法，错误就会解决。但是一旦我保存它，我就不会从表单字段中的数据库中获取值。 如何重写 init() 方法？

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = kwargs.get('instance', None)

        super(ProfileSettingsForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.fields['job_title'].initial = self.instance.experience.job_title
        self.fields['company'].initial = self.instance.experience.company
        self.fields['description'].initial = self.instance.experience.description
        self.fields['exp_start_date'].initial = self.instance.experience.exp_start_date
        self.fields['exp_end_date'].initial = self.instance.experience.exp_end_date

        self.fields['degree'].initial = self.instance.education.degree
        self.fields['school'].initial = self.instance.education.school
        self.fields['edu_start_date'].initial = self.instance.education.edu_start_date
        self.fields['edu_end_date'].initial = self.instance.education.edu_end_date 

Answer 1

为什么会出错？

行内：

self.fields['job_title'].initial = self.instance.experience.job_title

您正在处理一个没有相关experience 的Profile 实例。

如何定义 post_save 信号，以便在创建个人资料时创建经验和教育？

如果您希望每次创建 Profile 时都会填充 am experience 和 education，您应该有如下信号：

def create_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
    if created:
        experience = Work_Experience.objects.create(profile=instance)
        education = Education.objects.create(profile=instance)

post_save.connect(create_profile, sender=Profile)

为什么调用表单的save()时没有触发post_save信号？

model = super(ProfileSettingsForm, self).save(commit=False)

根据文档：

这个 save() 方法接受一个可选的 commit 关键字参数，它接受 True 或 False。 如果您在 commit=False 的情况下调用 save()，那么它将返回一个尚未保存到数据库的对象。在这种情况下，您可以在生成的模型实例上调用 save()。如果您想在保存对象之前对其进行自定义处理，或者如果您想使用专门的模型保存选项之一，这将非常有用。 commit 默认为 True。

所以到你这样做的时候：

model.experience.job_title = jt

您的post_save 信号尚未触发，因此model.experience 仍然是None，因此出现错误：

'NoneType' 对象没有属性 job_title。

Answer 2

你不能这样做，我建议你阅读 django 文档。只需这样做： 在此处更新

下面的代码按预期工作..

from django.conf import settings
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
from django.dispatch import receiver
from django.contrib.auth.base_user import AbstractBaseUser
from latiro_app.managers import UserManager



class User(AbstractBaseUser):
     email         = models.CharField(verbose_name='email or phone number ', max_length=50, unique=True )
     first_name    = models.CharField('first name', max_length=15,blank=True)
     last_name     = models.CharField('last name', max_length=15,blank=True)
     country       = CountryField(blank=True)
     date_joined   = models.DateTimeField('date joined', auto_now_add=True)
     slug          = models.SlugField('slug', max_length=50, unique=True, null=True) 
     is_active     = models.BooleanField('active',default=False)
     is_staff      = models.BooleanField('staff', default=False)
     email_confirmed = models.BooleanField(default=False)


     objects = UserManager()

     USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
     REQUIRED_FIELDS = []


     class Meta:
         db_table = "users" 
         permissions = (
            ("edit_user", "Edit User"),
            )








class WorkExperience(models.Model):
     job_title       = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
     company         = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
     description     = models.CharField(max_length=300, null=True, blank=True)
     exp_start_date  = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
     exp_end_date    = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)

    class Meta:
         db_table = "experience"

    def __str__(self):
        return (self.job_title)


class Education(models.Model):
    degree      = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
    school      = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True)
    edu_start_date  = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    edu_end_date    = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)

    class Meta:
        db_table = "education"

    def __str__(self):
        return (self.degree)




class Profile (models.Model):
    user            = models.OneToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete= models.CASCADE,
                                     verbose_name='list of users', null=True)
    experience    = models.ForeignKey(WorkExperience, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
    education     = models.ForeignKey(Education, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)




    def __str__(self):
        return (self.user)

    class Meta:
        db_table = "profile"

@receiver(post_save, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
def create_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
    if created and not kwargs.get('raw', False):
        profile = Profile(user=instance)
        profile.save()

这应该可以。在我的数据库上测试：

+----+--------------+---------------+---------+
| id | education_id | experience_id | user_id |
+----+--------------+---------------+---------+
|  1 |         NULL |          NULL |       2 |
+----+--------------+---------------+---------+

education_id 和 experience_id 的 null 值将在更新 profile 时由 user_id 实例更新。

现在用户可以像这样更新他/她的个人资料： 注意：我没有使用信号。

#Form.py 
class EducationForm(forms.ModelForm):
    degree         = forms.CharField(max_length=40, required=False)
    school         = forms.CharField(max_length=40, required=False)
    edu_start_date = forms.DateField(required=False, 
                     input_formats=settings.DATE_INPUT_FORMATS)
    edu_end_date   = forms.DateField(required=False, 
    input_formats=settings.DATE_INPUT_FORMATS)


    class Meta:
        model= Education
        fields =["degree","school", "edu_start_date","edu_start_date"]

#View.py 
class EducationFormView(UpdateView):
    model = Education
    form_class = EducationForm
    template_name = 'latiro_app/education_form.html'

    def get_success_url(self):
        return reverse_lazy('users:profile_settings',
                                            args =(self.object.id,))

    def get(self, form, ** kwargs):
       profile_instance = get_object_or_404(self.model, user_id=self.kwargs['pk'])
        #Pass user profile data to the form 
        context = {'form':self.form_class(instance=profile_instance)}
        if self.request.is_ajax():
            kwargs['ajax_form'] = render_to_string(self.template_name, context, request=self.request )
            return JsonResponse(kwargs)
        else:
            return render(self.request, self.template_name, context)