从我们在上一个问题/答案中中断的地方开始,我们将注意力转移到 Blelloch 的 referenced paper 中的等式 1.11。我们观察到您的问题表述:
for (int i = 2; i<size; i++)
{
result[i] = oldArray[i] + k * result[i-2];
}
如果我们设置 m=2 似乎与等式 1.11 中的相匹配,在这种情况下,我们还可以观察到对于您的公式,所有 ai,1 都为零(并且如前所述,所有ai,2 是 k)。
根据那篇论文中的方程 1.12,我们的状态变量 si 现在变成了一个二元组:
si = |xi xi-1|
注意到这些,我们观察到方程 1.13 的“正确性”:
si = |xi-1 xi-2| . |0 1, k 0| + |bi 0|
重写:
si,1 = xi = k*xi-2 + bi
si,2 = xi-1 = xi-1
(在我看来,other answer 在这一点上离开了你。这种实现,即result.data[0] = right + k * left.data[1]; 足以用于串行扫描,但不适用于并行扫描。很明显,仿函数/扫描操作没有联想。)
我们现在需要提出一个二元运算符bop,它是(1.7)中的定义对这种情况的扩展。参考公式 1.7 中的先前定义,我们在 1.13 中的处理基础上将其扩展如下:
Ci = |Ai , Bi|
地点:
Ai = |0 1, k 0|
和:
Bi = |bi 0|
然后我们有:
CibopCj = |一个i 。 Aj , Bi 。 Aj + Bj |
这将成为我们的仿函数/扫描运算符的公式。我们需要在整个过程中携带 6 个标量“状态”量:2 个用于 B 向量,4 个用于 A 矩阵。
接下来是上述的实现:
$ cat t1930.cu
#include <iostream>
#include <thrust/device_vector.h>
#include <thrust/host_vector.h>
#include <thrust/scan.h>
#include <thrust/copy.h>
#include <thrust/iterator/zip_iterator.h>
#include <thrust/iterator/constant_iterator.h>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>
template <typename T>
void cpufunction(T *result, T *oldArray, size_t size, T k){
for (int i = 2; i<size; i++)
{
result[i] = oldArray[i] + k * result[i-2];
}
}
struct scan_op // as per blelloch (1.7)
{
template <typename T1, typename T2>
__host__ __device__
T1 operator()(const T1 &t1, const T2 &t2){
T1 ret;
thrust::get<0>(ret) = thrust::get<0>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<1>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2)+thrust::get<0>(t2);
thrust::get<1>(ret) = thrust::get<0>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<1>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2)+thrust::get<1>(t2);
thrust::get<2>(ret) = thrust::get<2>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<3>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2);
thrust::get<3>(ret) = thrust::get<2>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<3>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2);
thrust::get<4>(ret) = thrust::get<4>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<5>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2);
thrust::get<5>(ret) = thrust::get<4>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<5>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2);
return ret;
}
};
typedef float mt;
const size_t ds = 512;
const mt k = 1.01;
const int snip = 10;
int main(){
mt *b1 = new mt[ds]; // b as in blelloch (1.5)
mt *cr = new mt[ds]; // cpu result
for (int i = 0; i < ds; i++) { b1[i] = rand()/(float)RAND_MAX;}
cr[0] = b1[0];
cr[1] = b1[1];
cpufunction(cr, b1, ds, k);
for (int i = 0; i < snip; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
for (int i = ds-snip; i < ds; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
std::cout << std::endl;
thrust::device_vector<mt> db(b1, b1+ds);
auto b0 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
auto a0 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
auto a1 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(1);
auto a2 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(k);
auto a3 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dx1(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dx0(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy0(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy1(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy2(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy3(ds);
auto my_i_zip = thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(db.begin(), b0, a0, a1, a2, a3));
auto my_o_zip = thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(dx1.begin(), dx0.begin(), dy0.begin(), dy1.begin(), dy2.begin(), dy3.begin()));
thrust::inclusive_scan(my_i_zip, my_i_zip+ds, my_o_zip, scan_op());
thrust::host_vector<mt> hx1 = dx1;
thrust::copy_n(hx1.begin(), snip, std::ostream_iterator<mt>(std::cout, ","));
thrust::copy_n(hx1.begin()+ds-snip, snip, std::ostream_iterator<mt>(std::cout, ","));
std::cout << std::endl;
}
$ nvcc -std=c++14 t1930.cu -o t1930
$ cuda-memcheck ./t1930
========= CUDA-MEMCHECK
0.840188,0.394383,1.63169,1.19677,2.55965,1.40629,2.92047,2.18858,3.22745,2.76443,570.218,601.275,576.315,607.993,582.947,614.621,589.516,621.699,595.644,628.843,
0.840188,0.394383,1.63169,1.19677,2.55965,1.40629,2.92047,2.18858,3.22745,2.76443,570.219,601.275,576.316,607.994,582.948,614.621,589.516,621.7,595.644,628.843,
========= ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors
$
是的,上面有一些结果在第 6 位上有所不同。当考虑到串行和并行方法之间非常不同的操作顺序时,我将此归因于float 分辨率的限制。如果您将typedef 更改为double,结果将看起来完全匹配。
既然你已经问过了,这里有一个等效的实现,它使用先前使用 cudaMalloc 分配的设备数据进行演示:
$ cat t1930.cu
#include <iostream>
#include <thrust/device_vector.h>
#include <thrust/host_vector.h>
#include <thrust/scan.h>
#include <thrust/copy.h>
#include <thrust/iterator/zip_iterator.h>
#include <thrust/iterator/constant_iterator.h>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>
template <typename T>
void cpufunction(T *result, T *oldArray, size_t size, T k){
for (int i = 2; i<size; i++)
{
result[i] = oldArray[i] + k * result[i-2];
}
}
struct scan_op // as per blelloch (1.7)
{
template <typename T1, typename T2>
__host__ __device__
T1 operator()(const T1 &t1, const T2 &t2){
T1 ret;
thrust::get<0>(ret) = thrust::get<0>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<1>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2)+thrust::get<0>(t2);
thrust::get<1>(ret) = thrust::get<0>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<1>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2)+thrust::get<1>(t2);
thrust::get<2>(ret) = thrust::get<2>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<3>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2);
thrust::get<3>(ret) = thrust::get<2>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<3>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2);
thrust::get<4>(ret) = thrust::get<4>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<5>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2);
thrust::get<5>(ret) = thrust::get<4>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<5>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2);
return ret;
}
};
typedef double mt;
const size_t ds = 512;
const mt k = 1.01;
const int snip = 10;
int main(){
mt *b1 = new mt[ds]; // b as in blelloch (1.5)
mt *cr = new mt[ds]; // cpu result
for (int i = 0; i < ds; i++) { b1[i] = rand()/(float)RAND_MAX;}
cr[0] = b1[0];
cr[1] = b1[1];
cpufunction(cr, b1, ds, k);
for (int i = 0; i < snip; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
for (int i = ds-snip; i < ds; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
std::cout << std::endl;
mt *db;
cudaMalloc(&db, ds*sizeof(db[0]));
cudaMemcpy(db, b1, ds*sizeof(db[0]), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dp_db = thrust::device_pointer_cast(db);
auto b0 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
auto a0 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
auto a1 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(1);
auto a2 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(k);
auto a3 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dx1(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dx0(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy0(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy1(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy2(ds);
thrust::device_vector<mt> dy3(ds);
auto my_i_zip = thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(dp_db, b0, a0, a1, a2, a3));
auto my_o_zip = thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(dx1.begin(), dx0.begin(), dy0.begin(), dy1.begin(), dy2.begin(), dy3.begin()));
thrust::inclusive_scan(my_i_zip, my_i_zip+ds, my_o_zip, scan_op());
cudaMemcpy(cr, thrust::raw_pointer_cast(dx1.data()), ds*sizeof(cr[0]), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
for (int i = 0; i < snip; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
for (int i = ds-snip; i < ds; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
std::cout << std::endl;
}
$ nvcc -std=c++14 t1930.cu -o t1930
$ cuda-memcheck ./t1930
========= CUDA-MEMCHECK
0.840188,0.394383,1.63169,1.19677,2.55965,1.40629,2.92047,2.18858,3.22745,2.76443,570.219,601.275,576.316,607.994,582.948,614.622,589.516,621.7,595.645,628.844,
0.840188,0.394383,1.63169,1.19677,2.55965,1.40629,2.92047,2.18858,3.22745,2.76443,570.219,601.275,576.316,607.994,582.948,614.622,589.516,621.7,595.645,628.844,
========= ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors
这两种方法之间应该没有显着的性能差异。 (但是我碰巧在这个例子中将typedef 切换到double,所以这会有所不同。)使用cudaMalloc 作为device_vector 的替代品用于各种状态向量(dx0、dx1 , dy0, dy1 ...) 可能会稍微快一些,因为 device_vector 首先进行 cudaMalloc 样式分配,然后启动内核以将分配归零。这个归零步骤对于状态向量来说是不必要的。如果您有兴趣,此处给出的模式应该演示如何做到这一点。
这是一个完全不使用thrust::device_vector 和thrust::host_vector 的版本:
#include <iostream>
#include <thrust/device_ptr.h>
#include <thrust/scan.h>
#include <thrust/iterator/zip_iterator.h>
#include <thrust/iterator/constant_iterator.h>
#include <cstdlib>
template <typename T>
void cpufunction(T *result, T *oldArray, size_t size, T k){
for (int i = 2; i<size; i++)
{
result[i] = oldArray[i] + k * result[i-2];
}
}
struct scan_op // as per blelloch (1.7)
{
template <typename T1, typename T2>
__host__ __device__
T1 operator()(const T1 &t1, const T2 &t2){
T1 ret;
thrust::get<0>(ret) = thrust::get<0>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<1>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2)+thrust::get<0>(t2);
thrust::get<1>(ret) = thrust::get<0>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<1>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2)+thrust::get<1>(t2);
thrust::get<2>(ret) = thrust::get<2>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<3>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2);
thrust::get<3>(ret) = thrust::get<2>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<3>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2);
thrust::get<4>(ret) = thrust::get<4>(t1)*thrust::get<2>(t2) + thrust::get<5>(t1)*thrust::get<4>(t2);
thrust::get<5>(ret) = thrust::get<4>(t1)*thrust::get<3>(t2) + thrust::get<5>(t1)*thrust::get<5>(t2);
return ret;
}
};
typedef float mt;
const size_t ds = 32768*4;
const mt k = 1.001;
const int snip = 10;
int main(){
mt *b1 = new mt[ds]; // b as in blelloch (1.5)
mt *cr = new mt[ds]; // result
for (int i = 0; i < ds; i++) { b1[i] = (rand()/(float)RAND_MAX)-0.5;}
cr[0] = b1[0];
cr[1] = b1[1];
cpufunction(cr, b1, ds, k);
for (int i = 0; i < snip; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
for (int i = ds-snip; i < ds; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
std::cout << std::endl;
mt *db, *dstate;
cudaMalloc(&db, ds*sizeof(db[0]));
cudaMalloc(&dstate, 6*ds*sizeof(dstate[0]));
cudaMemcpy(db, b1, ds*sizeof(db[0]), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dp_db = thrust::device_pointer_cast(db);
auto b0 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
auto a0 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
auto a1 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(1);
auto a2 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(k);
auto a3 = thrust::constant_iterator<mt>(0);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dx1 = thrust::device_pointer_cast(dstate);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dx0 = thrust::device_pointer_cast(dstate+ds);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dy0 = thrust::device_pointer_cast(dstate+2*ds);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dy1 = thrust::device_pointer_cast(dstate+3*ds);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dy2 = thrust::device_pointer_cast(dstate+4*ds);
thrust::device_ptr<mt> dy3 = thrust::device_pointer_cast(dstate+5*ds);
auto my_i_zip = thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(dp_db, b0, a0, a1, a2, a3));
auto my_o_zip = thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(dx1, dx0, dy0, dy1, dy2, dy3));
thrust::inclusive_scan(my_i_zip, my_i_zip+ds, my_o_zip, scan_op());
cudaMemcpy(cr, dstate, ds*sizeof(cr[0]), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
for (int i = 0; i < snip; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
for (int i = ds-snip; i < ds; i++) std::cout << cr[i] << ",";
std::cout << std::endl;
}