使用管理器、池和共享列表的 Python 多处理并发不起作用

Question

我正在学习 python 多处理，并且我正在尝试使用此功能来填充一个列表，其中包含 os 中存在的所有文件。但是，我写的代码只是顺序执行的。

#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import multiprocessing
tld = [os.path.join("/", f) for f in os.walk("/").next()[1]] #Gets a top level directory names inside "/"
manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
files = manager.list()


def get_files(x):
    for root, dir, file in os.walk(x):
        for name in file:
            files.append(os.path.join(root, name))

mp = [multiprocessing.Process(target=get_files, args=(tld[x],))
      for x in range(len(tld))]

for i in mp:
    i.start()
    i.join()
print len(files)

当我检查进程树时，我只能看到一个智利进程产生。 （man pstree 说 {} 表示父进程产生的子进程。）

---bash(10949)---python(12729)-+-python(12730)---{python}(12752)
                               `-python(12750)`

我一直在寻找的是，为每个 tld 目录生成一个进程，填充共享列表 files，这将是大约 10-15 个进程，具体取决于目录的数量。我做错了什么？

编辑::

我使用multiprocessing.Pool 创建工作线程，这次是 进程已生成，但在我尝试使用multiprocessing.Pool.map() 时出错。我指的是python文档中显示的以下代码

from multiprocessing import Pool
def f(x):
return x*x

if __name__ == '__main__':
    p = Pool(5)
    print(p.map(f, [1, 2, 3])) 

按照这个例子，我将代码重写为

import os
import multiprocessing
tld = [os.path.join("/", f) for f in os.walk("/").next()[1]]
manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=len(tld))
print pool
files = manager.list()
def get_files(x):
    for root, dir, file in os.walk(x):
        for name in file:
            files.append(os.path.join(root, name))
pool.map(get_files, [x for x in tld])
pool.close()
pool.join()
print len(files)

它正在分叉多个进程。

---bash(10949)---python(12890)-+-python(12967)
                               |-python(12968)
                               |-python(12970)
                               |-python(12971)
                               |-python(12972)
                               ---snip---

但是代码出错了

Process PoolWorker-2: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 258, in _bootstrap Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 258, in _bootstrap File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 258, in _bootstrap File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 258, in _bootstrap self.run() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 114, in run self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 102, in worker File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 114, in run task = get() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/queues.py", line 376, in get return recv() AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'get_files' self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs) self.run() task = get() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 114, in run self.run() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 114, in run self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 102, in worker File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/process.py", line 114, in run task = get() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/queues.py", line 376, in get AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'get_files' self.run()

我在这里做错了什么，为什么 get_files() 函数会出错？

Answer 1

这仅仅是因为您在定义函数 get_files 之前实例化了您的池：

import os
import multiprocessing

tld = [os.path.join("/", f) for f in os.walk("/").next()[1]]
manager = multiprocessing.Manager()

files = manager.list()
def get_files(x):
    for root, dir, file in os.walk(x):
        for name in file:
            files.append(os.path.join(root, name))

pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=len(tld)) # Instantiate the pool here

pool.map(get_files, [x for x in tld])
pool.close()
pool.join()
print len(files)

进程的总体思路是，在您启动它的那一刻，您会分叉主进程的内存。所以任何定义在主进程之后分叉不会在子进程中。

如果你想要一个共享内存，你可以使用threading 库，但是你会遇到一些问题（参见：The global interpreter lock）